China – Page 5 – Air Marshal's Perspective

August 6, 2025August 4, 2025

716: PAKISTAN ARMY INDUCTS CHINA’S Z-10ME ATTACK HELICOPTER

My Article was published on “The EurasianTimes” website

on 04 Aug 25.

On August 2, 2025, the Pakistan Army inducted the Chinese-manufactured Z-10ME attack helicopter into its aviation wing. The induction ceremony was held at Multan Garrison and presided over by Chief of Army Staff Field Marshal Asim Munir. During the induction ceremony, a firepower demonstration at the Muzaffargarh Field Firing Ranges showcased the Z-10ME’s operational prowess. The helicopter executed precision strikes, demonstrating its ability to engage targets with accuracy and lethality. This event not only marks the first known export of the Z-10ME but also highlights Pakistan’s growing military-industrial ties with China.

Designed for high-altitude operations, precision strike missions, and enhanced survivability in contested environments, the Z-10ME is poised to become the cornerstone of Pakistan’s attack helicopter fleet, supplanting the ageing American-supplied AH-1F Cobra helicopters. The induction of the Z-10ME signifies a significant realignment in Pakistan’s defence procurement strategy, especially in light of the stalled agreements with Western suppliers.

The Z-10ME

The Z-10ME, an export-oriented variant of China’s Z-10 attack helicopter, is designed to deliver precision strikes in both day and night conditions, making it a versatile asset for modern battlefields. It is often referred to as China’s answer to the American AH-64 Apache and the Russian Mi-28 Havoc. Developed by the Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation (CAIC), the Z-10ME is equipped with cutting-edge technology tailored to meet the demands of complex combat environments.

Pakistan’s variant comes equipped with twin uprated WZ-9G turboshaft engines, providing approximately 1,500 horsepower each, designed to deliver reliable performance in high-altitude, hot-and-dusty operational theaters, a crucial requirement given Pakistan’s mountainous terrain in areas like Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan. The service ceiling exceeding 6,000 meters enables operations in regions where older platforms, such as the AH-1F, struggled with payload and manoeuvrability.

The Z-10ME is engineered with an emphasis on all-weather, day-night precision strike capabilities, integrating advanced sensor suites that include millimeter-wave (MMW) radar, electro-optical targeting systems (EOTS), and helmet-mounted displays (HMD) for pilots. Its six external hardpoints allow it to carry a versatile range of munitions, including AKD-10 anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs), CM-502AG air-to-ground missiles, TY-90 air-to-air missiles, and precision-guided rockets. Additionally, the Z-10ME is compatible with CM-501XA loitering munitions and SW-6 launchable UAVs, offering Pakistan a multi-domain strike capability.

One of the helicopter’s standout survivability features is its infrared-suppressed exhaust system, designed to reduce heat signatures against MANPADS threats. Its sand-filtered engine intakes, composite armour plating, self-defence electronic warfare (EW) suite, and laser warning receivers further enhance its ability to survive in modern contested environments.

Analytical Perspective

Failed Acquisition Efforts: China to the Rescue. The induction of the Z-10ME coincides with Pakistan’s ongoing efforts to modernise its battlefield aviation assets, particularly following obstacles encountered in acquiring Western attack helicopters. Pakistan’s ageing fleet of Bell AH-1F Cobras, initially inducted in the 1980s, has become increasingly obsolete in the face of advanced air defence systems and technologically sophisticated enemy armour. An earlier attempt to procure the Turkish T-129 ATAK helicopters was unsuccessful after the United States withheld export licenses for the CTS800 engines, thereby effectively terminating the deal. Similarly, Pakistan’s persistent requests to acquire additional AH-1Z Viper helicopters from the United States have been impeded due to diplomatic tensions and export restrictions. In this context, China has emerged as a reliable defence partner, offering a capable and adaptable solution through the Z-10ME platform. For Pakistan, this development not only addresses a critical operational deficiency but also aligns with its broader strategic objectives of reducing dependence on Western suppliers, diversifying its defence arsenal, and strengthening defence-industrial collaboration with Beijing.

Pakistan-China Military Cooperation. The induction of the Z-10me signifies a milestone in Pakistan-China military collaboration, which has witnessed substantial growth in recent years. China has become Pakistan’s principal arms supplier, offering a diverse array of platforms, ranging from main battle tanks to naval vessels. The agreement concerning the Z-10ME fortifies this partnership, illustrating China’s confidence in Pakistan as a strategic ally and as a significant market for its defence exports. This collaboration transcends mere equipment procurement. The two nations have engaged in joint military exercises, technology transfers, and co-production agreements, thereby fostering interoperability and enhancing technical expertise. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a flagship initiative within China’s Belt and Road Initiative, has further solidified bilateral ties, with security cooperation playing an essential role in protecting CPEC infrastructure. The deployment of the Z-10me could augment Pakistan’s capacity to safeguard these economic assets, particularly in volatile regions such as Balochistan.

Fleet Size and Deployment Plans. While the exact number of helicopters in the initial batch remains undisclosed, defence analysts estimate that Pakistan has received an initial tranche of 4–8 units, with a long-term objective of inducting around 50–60 helicopters. These helicopters are expected to be deployed across strategically vital sectors, including the Eastern front facing India, counter-terrorism operations in the North-West, and rapid deployment roles in the South. Operational deployment is also expected to focus on integration with Pakistan’s Network-Centric Warfare (NCW) infrastructure, enabling seamless coordination with ground forces, surveillance drones, and air defence units.

Capability Enhancement. From a tactical standpoint, the Z-10ME significantly enhances Pakistan’s capability to conduct close air support (CAS), anti-armour missions, and precision strikes against high-value targets in complex terrains. The helicopter’s ability to integrate unmanned systems, loitering munitions, and advanced networked sensors offers the Pakistan Army a level of operational flexibility that its legacy platforms could not provide. With the Z-10ME in its arsenal, the Pakistan Army Aviation Corps can now:-

- Deliver precise anti-armour strikes against adversary mechanised forces, particularly relevant in the context of India’s armoured strength along the eastern border.

- Provide sustained air support and rapid troop deployment in insurgency-prone areas, enhancing the ability to counter hostile movements swiftly.

- Conduct modern reconnaissance and battlefield management missions, thanks to digital communications, long-range optics, and robust sensor suites.

- Project airpower into rugged mountainous terrains, where older helicopters struggled to operate at full effectiveness.

Challenges. While the Z-10ME signifies a significant advancement for Pakistan’s army aviation, its integration into the force encounters several challenges. Training pilots and maintenance personnel to operate and maintain this new platform will necessitate substantial investments of time and resources. The Pakistan Army must establish a comprehensive logistics and support infrastructure to guarantee the helicopter’s operational readiness. Furthermore, ensuring interoperability with existing systems and fostering coordination with other branches of the armed forces will be essential to maximising the Z-10ME’s operational effectiveness.

Future Prospects. Looking ahead, the induction of the Z-10me paves the way for enhanced collaboration with China, potentially involving technology transfers and joint development of future platforms. As Pakistan advances its military modernisation efforts, the Z-10ME is expected to play a pivotal role in shaping its army aviation strategy. Its success will depend on Pakistan’s capacity to capitalise on the helicopter’s capabilities while effectively addressing logistical and operational challenges.

Regional Implications. The deployment of the Z-10ME helicopter holds considerable significance for regional security dynamics, particularly within the context of Pakistan’s rivalry with India. The modernisation of the Indian military, exemplified by its procurement of Apache AH-64E attack helicopters from the United States, has incentivised Pakistan to pursue comparable capabilities. While the Z-10ME may not fully match the advanced systems of the Apache in every aspect, it offers a cost-effective alternative with comparable firepower and operational versatility. This acquisition underscores Pakistan’s intention to preserve a credible deterrent against potential adversaries. Furthermore, the deployment of the Z-10me could alter the power balance in South Asia, particularly in the realms of counterinsurgency and border operations. Its capacity to execute precision strikes against terrorist hideouts and to support ground forces in remote regions enhances Pakistan’s operational scope. Nevertheless, this development also raises concerns regarding an arms race in the region, as neighbouring states may respond by accelerating their military modernisation initiatives.

Conclusion

The induction of the Z-10ME attack helicopter into the Pakistan Army signifies a significant advancement in its military modernisation and strategic alliance with China. With its cutting-edge technology, precision strike capabilities, and reliable all-weather performance, the Z-10ME augments Pakistan’s capacity to confront a broad spectrum of security concerns, ranging from counterterrorism initiatives to conventional combat. As an emblem of Pakistan-China collaboration, the helicopter highlights the strengthening defence relations between the two nations. Although challenges persist, the integration of the Z-10me into the Pakistan Army Aviation Corps positions it as a vital asset in safeguarding the nation’s security and sovereignty amid an increasingly complex regional landscape.

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After J-10C Fighters, China, Pakistan Cement Military Ties With Z-10 ME Helos; How Do They Stack Up Against Indian Apaches?

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Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.

References:-

“Pakistan Army Inducts Chinese Z-10ME Attack Helicopter into Service.” The News International, August 3, 2025.

“Z-10ME Helicopter: Pakistan’s New Aerial Asset.” Dawn, August 3, 2025.

“China’s Z-10ME Makes Export Debut with Pakistan Army.” Global Times, August 2, 2025.

“Pakistan Bolsters Army Aviation with Z-10ME Induction.” Express Tribune, August 3, 2025.

“Technical Specifications and Capabilities of the Z-10ME Attack Helicopter.” Jane’s Defence Weekly, August 2025.

“Pakistan-China Military Cooperation: A Growing Partnership.” Asia-Pacific Defence Reporter, July 2025.

“Field Marshal Asim Munir Presides Over Z-10ME Induction Ceremony.” Pakistan Armed Forces News, August 2, 2025.

Pakistan Today, “COAS stresses civil-military synergy as Army inducts Z-10ME attack helicopters”, Published: August 3, 2025.

The Khyber Mail, “Pakistan Inducts China’s Z-10ME Gunship Helicopters”, Published: August 3, 2025.

Army Recognition, “Pakistan replaces US-made attack helicopters with Chinese Z-10ME to strike faster and farther”, Published: August 3, 2025.

August 3, 2025August 2, 2025

713: THE BOHAI SEA MONSTER: CHINA’S LEAP IN WING-IN-GROUND-EFFECT TECHNOLOGY

My Article was Published in the Aug 25 Edition of

“Life of Soldier” journal.

In July 2025, grainy images surfaced on social media, capturing a mysterious maritime behemoth skimming the Bohai Sea off China’s northern coast. The massive four-engine vehicle, dubbed the “Bohai Sea Monster” by intrigued observers, is a wing-in-ground-effect (WIG) craft, a hybrid of aircraft and boat that revives a Cold War-era Soviet concept. It is designed to fly just above the water’s surface, leveraging ground effect for enhanced efficiency, stealth, and speed, potentially outmanoeuvring warships and evading radar.

The Chinese craft features a flying boat hull, military camouflage, and a T-tail with twin vertical stabilisers, indicating a possible amphibious military role. Although China has not officially confirmed the existence of the craft, no official name, designation, or manufacturer has been revealed, leaving uncertainty about whether it is a technology demonstrator or intended for full-scale production. Its development appears to revive Soviet-era technology for modern military use, prompting questions about its role in China’s naval strategy. This advanced prototype showcases China’s growing commitment to leading in cutting-edge maritime technologies.

A Glimpse

The leaked images provide tantalising clues about the Bohai Sea Monster’s design. One photo shows the craft gliding just above the water’s surface, harnessing the ground-effect phenomenon that allows WIG vehicles to “float” on a cushion of compressed air trapped between their wings and the sea. The second image captures it stationary on a pier, revealing a boat-shaped fuselage, a T-tail configuration with two vertical stabilisers, and wingtip sponsons for stability during takeoff and landing. Four jet engines, mounted high above the wings, suggest powerful propulsion, with possible downward-angled nozzles to enhance lift in ground effect. The craft’s sleek, utilitarian design hints at a military focus, prioritising speed and payload over aesthetic considerations.

Estimated to be comparable in size to China’s AG600 amphibious aircraft (wingspan around 38 meters), the Bohai Sea Monster appears built for heavy-duty roles. Its jet propulsion likely enables speeds exceeding 250 knots (460 km/h), far surpassing those of traditional naval vessels. However, this speed comes at a cost as jet engines consume fuel rapidly, potentially limiting endurance compared to turboprop or hybrid-electric alternatives. The craft’s low-altitude flight, typically 3-10 meters above the water, makes it difficult to detect by radar, offering a stealthy profile that could evade conventional maritime defences, such as mines or submarines.

Strategic Implications

China’s development of the Bohai Sea Monster aligns with its broader military modernisation, emphasising asymmetric platforms to project power in contested regions such as the South China Sea and the Taiwan Strait. WIG craft offer unique advantages in littoral environments, where traditional naval ships face threats from anti-ship missiles and submarines. By skimming the surface, the Bohai Sea Monster could rapidly deploy troops, deliver supplies, or conduct maritime patrols, supporting China’s island garrisons in the Spratlys or Paracels.

The Bohai Sea Monster’s low-flying profile and high speed make it a challenging target for air defences, though it remains vulnerable in high-threat combat zones. Rough sea states, such as those in the Taiwan Strait (often exceeding Sea State 3), could also limit its operational window, a challenge faced by earlier Soviet WIG craft, like the Lun-class ekranoplan.

The Bohai Sea Monster could transform naval warfare by providing Beijing with a versatile platform for rapid troop deployment, cargo transport, and strategic surprise. Its potential roles could include:-

- Amphibious Operations. Rapid troop transport to seize or reinforce disputed territories, complementing China’s Type 075 amphibious assault ships.

- Logistics and Resupply. Delivering critical supplies like fuel, munitions, or medical equipment to remote outposts, reducing reliance on vulnerable sea lanes.

- Anti-Submarine Warfare. Equipped with sonar or magnetic anomaly detectors, it could hunt submarines in shallow waters.

- Search and Rescue. Adapting civilian applications of the AG600, the WIG craft could support disaster relief or maritime rescue missions.

Global Development of WIG Technology

The Bohai Sea Monster draws inspiration from Soviet ekranoplans, developed during the Cold War to exploit ground-effect flight for military advantage. The USSR’s Lun-class, armed with anti-ship missiles, and the massive Caspian Sea Monster demonstrated the potential of WIG technology. Still, high costs and operational limitations led to their abandonment. China, however, has leveraged its expertise in aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and composite materials to revive this concept. The craft’s jet engines, possibly derived from military turbojets like the WS-10, indicate a focus on speed over fuel efficiency. Future iterations could explore hybrid-electric propulsion, aligning with global trends in sustainable aviation.

The Bohai Sea Monster is part of a global resurgence in WIG technology. Russia continues to explore ekranoplan designs for Arctic and Black Sea operations, while smaller nations, such as Singapore and South Korea, experiment with civilian WIG ferries. Commercial applications, such as high-speed cargo transport or tourism, could also emerge, leveraging the efficiency of ground-effect flight. However, military applications currently dominate efforts, driven by the need for rapid and stealthy platforms in contested maritime zones.

The United States, through DARPA’s Liberty Lifter program, aims to develop a heavy-lift WIG craft capable of transoceanic transport. With a first flight planned for 2028-2029, the Liberty Lifter targets a payload capacity exceeding 100 tons, dwarfing the Bohai Sea Monster’s estimated capabilities. Designed by companies such as General Atomics and Aurora Flight Sciences, it prioritises turboprop efficiency and rough-sea operability, addressing the limitations of earlier WIG designs.

China’s Project: Prospects and Challenges.

China’s secrecy surrounding the Bohai Sea Monster, lacking an official designation or acknowledgement, fuels speculation. Higher-resolution images or test footage may reveal more about its capabilities, such as payload, range, or armament. For now, it may be a technology demonstrator or an operational prototype. Still, its implications are clear: China is betting on WIG craft to gain a strategic advantage in the Indo-Pacific. The Bohai Sea Monster suggests Beijing is closer to fielding a functional WIG fleet, potentially deploying squadrons by the early 2030s.

Despite its promise, the Bohai Sea Monster faces hurdles. Environmental factors, such as high waves or crosswinds, can restrict operations, requiring advanced stabilisation systems. Maintenance of jet engines in salty maritime conditions presents logistical challenges, while crew training for low-altitude, high-speed flight requires specialised expertise. Integrating WIG craft into China’s naval strategy will also require doctrinal shifts, balancing their niche capabilities against traditional platforms, such as destroyers or aircraft carriers.

Conclusion

The Bohai Sea Monster is more than a curiosity; it’s a bold statement of China’s technological ambition. By reviving WIG technology, Beijing is carving a niche in naval warfare, blending speed, stealth, and versatility to challenge Western dominance. As the U.S. races to counter with its Liberty Lifter, the Indo-Pacific is poised to become a testing ground for these maritime giants. Whether the Bohai Sea Monster evolves into a game-changer or a costly experiment remains to be seen, but its emergence underscores a new era of innovation in military technology.

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References:-

Axe, David. “China’s ‘Bohai Sea Monster’ Wing-in-Ground-Effect Craft Spotted in Tests.” The National Interest, July 2025.

South China Morning Post. “Mystery ‘Bohai Monster’ Wing-In-Ground Effect Craft Spotted in China’s Bohai Sea.” SCMP, July 2025.

Sutton, H. I. “New Chinese WIG Craft Spotted – ‘Bohai Monster’ May Be a Military Ekranoplan.” Naval News, July 2025.

Fisher, Richard D., Jr. “China’s Wing-in-Ground-Effect Craft: A New Dimension in Maritime Power Projection.” Jamestown Foundation China Brief, Vol. 25, No. 14, August 2025.

Gady, Franz-Stefan. “The Return of the Ekranoplan? China’s WIG Craft and Regional Security.” The Diplomat, July 2025.

Hall, David W., and E. Eugene Larrabee. Ground Effect Machines: Design and Applications. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2000.

Holmes, James R. “China’s Maritime Strategy and the Role of Amphibious Platforms.” Naval War College Review, Vol. 77, No. 3, Summer 2024.

Office of Naval Intelligence. “China’s People’s Liberation Army Navy: 2025 Modernisation Outlook.” Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Navy, 2025.

Rozhdestvensky, Kirill V. “Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: Modern Developments and Applications.” Progress in Aerospace Sciences, Vol. 42, No. 3, 2006, pp. 211–283.

Sutton, H. I. “China’s Mystery WIG Craft: The Bohai Sea Monster Unveiled.” Covert Shores, July 2025.

U.S. Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). “Liberty Lifter Program: Technical Overview and Progress Report.” DARPA.mil, March 2025.

Xinhua News Agency. “AVIC AG600 Amphibious Aircraft Receives Civilian Certification.” April 15, 2025.

July 22, 2025

708: CHINA-PAKISTAN-BANGLADESH ALLIANCE: COMPLICATING REGIONAL DYNAMICS

In recent years, the evolving geopolitical landscape of South Asia has been redefined by an emerging alignment among China, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The growing convergence between these three countries, particularly under China’s Initiative, is reshaping regional dynamics and presenting new challenges to India and broader Indo-Pacific security arrangements.

China-Pakistan Relations. The China-Pakistan relationship, often described as an “all-weather friendship,” has been a cornerstone of regional geopolitics for decades. Rooted in shared strategic interests, particularly countering India, it has been institutionalised through defence cooperation, economic assistance, and infrastructural integration. It has been further deepened through initiatives like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a flagship project of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) launched in 2013, connecting China’s Xinjiang province to Pakistan’s Gwadar port on the Arabian Sea. This strategic partnership has been further solidified by China’s support for Pakistan’s nuclear program and military modernisation, with Pakistan acquiring 70–80% of its weapons from China over the past five years. China has also become Pakistan’s largest arms supplier and a crucial diplomatic ally at forums like the United Nations Security Council, where it has repeatedly shielded Pakistan from international scrutiny over terrorism-related issues.

Bangladesh’s Gradual Pivot. Bangladesh’s inclusion in this dynamic marks a shift, particularly following the ouster of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina in July 2024. Hasina’s government maintained a balanced foreign policy, fostering close ties with India while engaging China economically. However, the interim government under Muhammad Yunus has pivoted toward closer relations with Beijing and Islamabad, driven by deteriorating India-Bangladesh ties and China’s proactive engagement. This shift was evident during Yunus’s March 2025 visit to China, where he positioned Bangladesh as a gateway for Chinese economic cooperation in the region, a move that strained relations with India. The motivations behind this convergence are multifaceted. For China, expanding influence in South Asia counters U.S.-India strategic alignment and secures access to the Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean. Pakistan seeks to bolster its regional relevance. Bangladesh, navigating domestic political transitions, sees alignment with China and Pakistan as a means to secure economic and diplomatic support, particularly through BRI projects.

The Triangle Takes Shape. A pivotal development was the trilateral meeting in Kunming, China, on June 19, 2025, involving representatives from China, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. This “informal” consultation, hosted by China, focused on regional cooperation and connectivity, sparking speculation about a new regional bloc to replace SAARC. While Bangladesh’s interim government dismissed claims of a formal alliance, the meeting signaled a strategic intent to enhance collaboration among the three nations.

Implications for India. The proposed bloc poses a direct challenge to India. India’s concerns were heightened by comments from Bangladesh’s leadership, such as Yunus’s claim that Bangladesh is the “only guardian” of the Indian Ocean. India, finds itself encircled by Chinese-influenced states on nearly all fronts, Nepal to the north, Pakistan to the west, and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. From a maritime perspective, China’s presence in Gwadar (Pakistan) and Chittagong (Bangladesh) gives it a foothold in the Indian Ocean, threatening India’s naval supremacy and potentially undermining the U.S.-led Indo-Pacific strategy. The strategic alignment also threatens India’s northeastern states, especially the vulnerable Siliguri Corridor, which connects mainland India to its northeast.

Broader Geopolitical Ramifications. The China-Pakistan-Bangladesh convergence complicates the U.S.-China rivalry in the Indo-Pacific. The U.S., viewing China’s growing influence as a challenge to its regional strategy. This dynamic could intensify Sino-U.S. competition, with Bangladesh’s strategic choices shaping the regional balance of power. Smaller South Asian states, such as Nepal and Sri Lanka, may face pressure to align with either the China-Pakistan-Bangladesh bloc or India, complicating regional integration. The dormancy of SAARC, exacerbated by India’s boycott following the 2016 Uri attack, has created a vacuum that China seeks to fill, potentially reshaping South Asia’s geopolitical architecture.

Conclusion. The emerging China-Pakistan-Bangladesh alignment reflects a strategic realignment in South Asia, driven by shared economic and geopolitical interests. While not yet a formal alliance, this convergence challenges India’s regional dominance and complicates the Indo-Pacific strategic landscape. As China expands its influence through BRI and diplomatic engagements, India must navigate a complex dilemma, balancing regional influence with global partnerships. The future of South Asian stability hinges on how these dynamics evolve and whether a new regional bloc can foster cooperation without exacerbating tensions.

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References and credits

To all the online sites and channels.

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References:-

Hindustan Times. “CDS Chauhan Says Convergence between China, Pakistan and Bangladesh Has Implications for Regional Stability.” July 9, 2025.2.
India Today. “To Counter India, China, Pakistan and Bangladesh Creating a Saarc-Replacement.” June 30, 2025.
The Hindu. “Bangladesh, Pakistan, China Hold Inaugural Trilateral Foreign Office Discussion.” June 20, 2025.
The Hindu. “Pakistan, China Working to Establish New Regional Bloc with Potential to Replace SAARC: Report.” June 30, 2025.
Modern Diplomacy. “Bangladesh-Pakistan Thaw and a Regional Realignment.” February 23, 2025.
South Asian Voices. “The Bangladesh-Pakistan-China Triangle and India’s Strategic Dilemma.” April 26, 2025.
The Express Tribune. “Ex-Bangladeshi General Urges China Alliance to Seize India’s Northeast If Pakistan Is Attacked.” May 3, 2025.
United States Institute of Peace. “China’s Influence on Conflict Dynamics in South Asia.” December 16, 2020