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632: 5G RACE BETWEEN THE DRAGON AND THE EAGLE: POTENTIAL TO ENHANCE AERIAL WARFARE

 

My Article Published on the EurasianTimes Website on 30 Mar 25.

 

Beginning of Mar 25, at the Mobile World Congress (MWC) in Barcelona, Nokia revealed that US defence and aerospace manufacturer Lockheed has deployed Nokia’s 5G solutions into its Hybrid Base Station. According to its website, Lockheed’s HBS is a unified network solution that provides communications, Edge processing, and advanced network capabilities for interoperable, resilient, and secure connectivity and data flow across all domains. Nokia added that its military-grade 5G technology makes it possible to “integrate commercial 5G connections with military communications systems to provide decisive information for national defence,” highlighting the importance of interoperability.

 

Earlier this year, China claimed to have introduced what it describes as the world’s first mobile 5G base station for military purposes. According to a South China Morning Post report, it was developed in partnership with China Mobile Communications Group and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA). The reports highlighted that the 5G mobile base station delivers high-speed, low-latency, and secure data services, supporting up to 10,000 users within a 3km radius. The system maintains a consistent total throughput of 10 gigabits per second with latency under 15 milliseconds. The report also stated that this new 5G base station paves the way for the extensive deployment of intelligent war machines. China is currently constructing what it claims to be the world’s most significant unmanned military force, featuring advanced yet cost-effective drones, robotic dogs, and other autonomous combat platforms that could eventually outnumber human soldiers.

 

Effective communication is essential in military aviation, where split-second decisions can determine a mission’s success or a personnel’s safety. The advent of fifth-generation wireless technology (5G) and advanced communication networks promises to revolutionise this field. With unparalleled speed, low latency, and extensive connectivity, 5G has transformative potential for real-time data sharing among aircraft, command centres, and other platforms. It enhances real-time communications in military aviation, strengthens network-centric warfare for a more integrated air force, and introduces security risks that must be addressed to protect operations. By examining these factors, we can recognise the significant implications of advanced communication technologies for modern military aviation.

 

Understanding 5G Technology. 5G, the fifth generation of wireless communication technology, is characterised by its high speed, low latency, and capacity to connect many devices simultaneously. These attributes make it a game-changer for military aviation, where timely and reliable communication is critical. Unlike its predecessors, 5G operates on higher frequency bands, such as millimeter waves, providing wider bandwidths for faster data transmission. It also employs techniques like beam forming, directing signals to specific devices rather than broadcasting omnidirectionally, to optimise signal strength and reduce interference.

 

Military Aviation: Possibilities

In military aviation, real-time data sharing involves the seamless exchange of information between aircraft, command centers, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and other platforms. 5 G’s speed often exceeds 1 Gbps. Its latency, reduced to as low as 1 millisecond, enables near-instantaneous communication, a stark improvement over 4G’s 20-30 millisecond latency.

Types of Data.  Real-time data is crucial in military and defence applications, enhancing situational awareness and operational efficiency. Sensor data from radar, infrared, and other detection systems provide critical intelligence on enemy positions and movements. For instance, a fighter jet detecting a hostile target can instantly transmit its coordinates to allied forces, improving response time. Video feeds, including HD or 4K footage from UAVs or onboard cameras, offer live intelligence, with 5G ensuring seamless transmission to command centers. Telemetry data tracks aircraft speed, altitude, fuel levels, and system health, enabling proactive maintenance and reducing downtime. Communication data, including voice and text transmissions, ensures seamless coordination between pilots, ground crews, and commanders, facilitating synchronised operations. These data types support real-time decision-making, enhancing battlefield effectiveness, reducing risks, and optimising mission success rates. Integrating AI and advanced networks further strengthens these capabilities, making modern military operations more responsive and precise.

Enhancing Data Sharing Across Platforms. In combat scenarios, aircraft must exchange vast amounts of data, radar signatures, sensor readings, high-definition video feeds, and tactical updates with command centers and allied units. Consider a multi-aircraft operation targeting enemy defences: each fighter jet must instantly share its position, target data, and threat assessments. For instance, a reconnaissance plane detecting an enemy convoy could stream live video to a command center, relaying precise coordinates to strike aircraft within moments. This speed enhances decision-making, enabling commanders to adapt strategies dynamically. Moreover, 5G’s low latency is a game-changer for time-sensitive applications. Even a half-second delay could be fatal during air-to-air engagements, where pilots rely on real-time radar and missile lock data. By slashing latency to 1 ms, 5G ensures data arrives when needed, improving coordination and precision.

Integration with Unmanned Systems. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and drones are increasingly vital to military operations and performing reconnaissance, strikes, and electronic warfare. These systems depend on robust communication links to receive commands and transmit data. 5G’s high capacity and responsiveness enhance this connectivity. For example, a drone swarm conducting surveillance over hostile territory could send high-resolution imagery back to a command center while receiving real-time updated flight instructions. This capability supports more autonomous and complex UAV missions, such as coordinated attacks or perimeter defence, by maintaining a constant, reliable link. Additionally, 5G’s massive device connectivity allows numerous sensors and platforms to be integrated. A single operation might involve dozens of drones, manned aircraft, and ground stations, all sharing data through a unified network. This scalability ensures the communication infrastructure can keep pace as unmanned systems proliferate, fostering a more versatile and responsive air force.

Network-Centric Joint Warfare. Network-centric warfare (NCW) redefines military operations by linking all elements, aircraft, ground forces, naval units, and command centers into a cohesive information-sharing network. The goal is to achieve a decisive advantage through enhanced situational awareness, coordination, and speed. In aviation, NCW transforms isolated aircraft into nodes within a broader system, amplifying their effectiveness through collective intelligence. With 5G, NCW reaches new heights. Its high-speed, low-latency network enables seamless data exchange across platforms, creating a more integrated air force. Imagine a scenario where a reconnaissance drone identifies a mobile missile launcher. Within seconds, 5G transmits this intelligence to a nearby fighter jet, which adjusts its flight path while informing ground-based air defences and a command center. The jet engages the target, and the updated status is shared network-wide, allowing other units to reposition accordingly. This rapid, synchronised response exemplifies how 5G enhances operational tempo and effectiveness.

Enhancing Situational Awareness.  Modern combat aircraft, including fifth- and sixth-generation fighters, rely heavily on seamless communication with command centers, reconnaissance drones, and other allied aircraft. The ability to transmit and receive data in real time enhances situational awareness, allowing pilots to react swiftly to evolving threats.

Optimising Command and Control. Military command centers depend on real-time data feeds to make strategic decisions. 5G networks enable instantaneous transmission of mission-critical information, including radar feeds, target tracking, and intelligence updates. This increased speed and reliability minimises decision-making delays, ensuring that commanders can deploy assets more efficiently and respond dynamically to threats.

AI and Big Data Integration. Advanced communication networks empower artificial intelligence (AI) systems to analyse vast battlefield data in real time. AI-driven analytics can provide predictive insights on enemy movements, optimise flight paths, and suggest strategic manoeuvres to pilots. Fusing AI with 5G networks creates a more innovative, adaptive military force capable of making split-second decisions based on real-time intelligence. This integration allows for the efficient processing of large volumes of data, enabling the military to make informed decisions and respond effectively to changing situations.

 

Security Risks

Integrating 5G into military aviation offers enhanced communication, real-time data sharing, and improved battlefield awareness. However, it also introduces significant security risks that could compromise mission success. As military systems increasingly rely on wireless, software-driven networks, the attack surface expands, creating new vulnerabilities.

One primary concern is jamming and interference, whereby adversaries employ electronic warfare techniques to disrupt 5G signals, which could sever critical communication links. Cyber attacks pose another serious threat; hackers might manipulate data transmissions, injecting false coordinates into navigation systems, potentially leading to disastrous consequences such as mission failure or friendly fire. Espionage is also a pressing issue, as adversaries could intercept sensitive transmissions, including radar data and flight plans, thereby exposing strategic operations. Furthermore, vulnerabilities in the supply chain emerge due to reliance on commercial 5G infrastructure.

Many private firms involved in 5G deployment may inadvertently introduce security loopholes, whether intentionally or not, granting hostile entities backdoor access. The sheer speed of 5G exacerbates these risks, allowing adversaries to launch large-scale cyber attacks more swiftly than traditional defence mechanisms can react. Additionally, the heavy dependence on virtualisation and software-defined networking introduces software-based vulnerabilities, which, if left unpatched, could be exploited by sophisticated attackers.

EW adds another layer of complexity. Adversaries might target 5G’s millimeter-wave frequencies, which, while offering high bandwidth, are susceptible to interference in contested environments. A successful jamming operation could isolate aircraft from command, crippling NCW’s effectiveness.

Threats to Military Aviation. These risks have dire implications in aviation. A compromised 5G network could disrupt UAV control, causing drones to crash or attack unintended targets. Interrupted communications might allow enemies to anticipate and counter manoeuvres during a coordinated strike. Moreover, reliance on commercial networks shared in 5G deployments raises concerns about espionage, especially if foreign entities dominate the supply chain. For instance, debates over certain manufacturers’ involvement in 5G infrastructure highlight fears of embedded vulnerabilities accessible to rival nations.

 

Mitigation Strategies.

To address the security risks associated with 5G in military aviation, robust defence mechanisms must be established. Encryption is vital, ensuring that intercepted communications remain indecipherable to adversaries—end-to-end encryption safeguards sensitive data, such as radar feeds and flight plans, from exploitation. Authentication protocols further bolster security by requiring multi-factor authentication to verify user and device identities, thereby preventing unauthorised access. Intrusion detection systems play a crucial role by continuously monitoring network traffic for anomalies, enabling rapid responses to cyber threats before they cause harm. Furthermore, redundancy is essential—backup communication channels, such as satellite links, provide fail-safes during 5G network disruption due to jamming or cyber attacks. Developing dedicated, military-specific 5G networks, distinct from commercial infrastructure, further enhances security by minimising exposure to supply chain risks and potential backdoors. Regular security audits and penetration testing assist in identifying vulnerabilities before adversaries can exploit them. Collaborating with the private sector can also strengthen the security of commercial components used in military applications. Lastly, training personnel to recognise cyber threats and respond effectively ensures that human factors do not become vulnerabilities in cyber security. The military can mitigate 5G-related risks while harnessing its advantages by adopting a comprehensive, multi-layered defence strategy.

 

Conclusion

The 5G race between China and the United States is more than just a contest for technological supremacy; it is a battle that could redefine the future of aerial warfare. As both nations invest heavily in next-generation networks, integrating 5G into military aviation will enable faster data transmission, enhanced artificial intelligence, and real-time battlefield awareness. This technology has the potential to revolutionise drone warfare, enable seamless coordination between manned and unmanned systems, and improve electronic warfare capabilities. However, the competition is not solely about innovation but security and strategic dominance. The United States remains wary of China’s 5G infrastructure, citing risks of espionage and cyber vulnerabilities, while China continues to push its indigenous advancements to reduce dependence on Western technology. The outcome of this race will not only shape military strategies but also influence global alliances, trade policies, and the future of digital warfare. As the dragon and the eagle vie for control, nations aligning with either power must carefully navigate the geopolitical implications of their technological choices. Ultimately, the side that harnesses 5G most effectively for aerial combat may gain a decisive edge in future conflicts, setting the stage for a new era of warfare.

 

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U.S.-China Aerial Warfare: How 5G Could Redefine The Future Of Battles Between The Dragon & The Eagle

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References and credits

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Disclaimer:

Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.

 

 

References:-

  1. Bertók, P., Salah, K., & Zhuang, W. (2022). “Security Challenges and Countermeasures in 5G Networks for Military Use.” IEEE Access, 10, 49321–49337.
  1. O’Hanlon, M. (2021). “The Role of Advanced Communications in Future Military Conflicts.” Brookings Institution Report.
  1. He, Y., & Song, H. (2023). “5G-Enabled Cyber Defence in Military Aviation: Threats and Solutions.” Defence Technology, 19(4), 320-336.
  1. Weinbaum, C. (2022). “5G and the Battlefield of the Future.” Defence One. www.defenseone.com
  1. Strout, N. (2023). “How the Pentagon Plans to Secure 5G Networks for Military Use.” C4ISRNET. www.c4isrnet.com
  1. McLeary, P. (2023). “5G, AI, and the Future of Defense Communications.” Breaking Defence. Retrieved from www.breakingdefense.com
  1. U.S. Department of Defense. (2020). 5G Strategy Implementation Plan. www.defense.gov
  1. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). 5G Technologies in Future Air Combat Systems. NATO Communications and Information Agency (NCIA), 2022.
  1. Ericsson. (2021). The Role of 5G in Defense and Security Applications. Retrieved from www.ericsson.com
  1. RAND Corporation. (2023). The Future of 5G in U.S. Military Operations. www.rand.org
  1. International Air Transport Association (IATA). 5G and Military Aviation: Enabling Next-Generation Communications. IATA Aviation Technology Conference, 2022.
  1. Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). Next-Gen Combat Cloud: How 5G Will Enhance Aerial Combat Systems. AFRL Annual Symposium, 2023.
  1. European Defence Agency. The Role of 5G in Military Communication Networks. EDA Technical Report, 2021.
  1. Erwin, Sandra. “How 5G Could Revolutionize Air Combat Networks.” SpaceNews, 15 August 2021.
  1. Mehta, Aaron. “5G and the Future of Military Aviation: The Risks and Benefits.” Breaking Defense, 10 November 2022.
  1. Gao, Charlie. “The Air Force’s 5G Ambitions: A Faster, Smarter, and More Connected Force.” The National Interest, 5 January 2023.

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629: LEONIDAS BY EPIRUS: STAR TREK STYLE SHIELD OF DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPON

 

My Article published on the EurasianTimes Website on 28 Mar 25.

 

The most recent and significant news, announced in March 2025, is that Epirus Inc., a defence technology start-up based in Torrance, California, has unveiled the Leonidas system, a high-power microwave (HPM) weapon designed to neutralise unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms. This innovative system emits electromagnetic pulses to disable drones individually or across a broad area, offering a scalable solution to counter drone threats. The Leonidas system has been likened to a “Star Trek-style” shield due to its ability to disable or destroy drones within seconds. Beyond its counter-drone capabilities, the Leonidas system’s versatility allows it to disable electronics in ground vehicles and sea vessels, demonstrating its potential across various defences.

In the rapidly evolving landscape of modern warfare, unmanned aerial systems (UAS) have emerged as a significant and multifaceted threat. Due to their high operational costs and limited ammunition capacity, traditional defence mechanisms, such as missiles or anti-aircraft guns, struggle to keep pace with these agile, numerous, and often low-cost adversaries. The Leonidas system addresses these challenges through directed energy technology, allowing for rapid, reusable, and cost-effective simultaneous engagement of multiple threats.

Named after the legendary Spartan king who famously stood against overwhelming odds at Thermopylae, the Leonidas system embodies a bold and forward-thinking approach to defence. Leveraging cutting-edge HPM technology, it offers a non-kinetic alternative to conventional systems, addressing one of the most pressing challenges of the 21st century.

 

High-Power Microwave Technology. HPM systems generate electromagnetic waves ranging from 300 MHz to 300 GHz. Unlike the microwaves used in household ovens to heat food by exciting water molecules, HPM delivers intense bursts of energy capable of inducing currents in electronic circuits. When directed at a target, these microwaves can disrupt or permanently damage sensitive components, rendering devices like drones inoperable. HPM’s ability to affect a broader area rather than a single pinpoint sets it apart from other directed energy technologies, such as lasers. This makes it particularly effective against multiple targets or swarms, a critical advantage in scenarios where dozens or hundreds of drones might be deployed simultaneously. Historically, HPM systems relied on vacuum tube technology, which was bulky, fragile, and maintenance-intensive. However, recent advancements in solid-state electronics have revolutionised the field. Solid-state HPM systems, like the one powering Leonidas, use semiconductor devices to generate microwaves, offering greater durability, efficiency, and compactness, attributes that make the technology viable for real-world deployment.

 

The Leonidas System.

The Leonidas system is a pinnacle of Epirus’s expertise in solid-state HPM technology. While proprietary details remain closely guarded, the key aspects of its design and functionality can be based on the general principles of HPM and publicly available information.

 At its core, the system likely features an array of solid-state amplifiers that generate and amplify microwave signals. These signals are then emitted through a steerable antenna, allowing operators to direct the HPM beam toward specific targets or areas. The power output of the Leonidas system would be a critical factor in its effectiveness. Although exact specifications are not disclosed, HPM systems typically produce peak powers ranging from hundreds of kilowatts to several megawatts. This energy is sufficient to disable the electronics of drones within a specific range, which depends on factors such as power levels, frequency, and atmospheric conditions. Unlike lasers, which maintain a tight beam over long distances, HPM waves experience divergence and can be attenuated by moisture or particles in the air, potentially limiting their range. However, this constraint is less significant for counter-drone applications where threats are often within a few kilometers.

Advanced targeting and control systems are integral to the Leonidas platform. These likely include radar or optical sensors to detect and track drones, paired with sophisticated software that prioritises targets and adjusts the beam’s intensity and direction. The result is a highly responsive system capable of engaging fast-moving threats with near-instantaneous effect, as HPM travels at the speed of light. These systems also enable the Leonidas to distinguish between friendly and hostile drones, reducing the risk of friendly fire and enhancing its effectiveness in complex operational environments.

Epirus has developed fixed and mobile versions of the Leonidas system, enhancing its versatility. Stationary installations might protect critical infrastructure, while vehicle-mounted units could support troops in the field, offering a flexible defence against dynamic threats.

 

Applications

The primary mission of the Leonidas system is to counter drone threats, a capability that addresses a growing concern in military and civilian contexts. The Leonidas system excels in such scenarios, using its wide-area HPM effects to disable multiple drones with a single burst. This makes it an ideal solution for protecting military installations, convoys, or naval vessels from both individual and coordinated drone attacks.

Beyond counter-drone operations, the Leonidas system holds promise for electronic warfare. Targeting enemy communication systems, radars, or other electronic equipment could degrade an adversary’s situational awareness or operational capabilities without firing a shot. Additionally, the technology might be adapted to disable vehicles or machinery reliant on electronic controls, though this could require higher power levels or closer proximity to the target.

Epirus has also hinted at broader applications, such as non-lethal uses for perimeter security or crowd control. In these scenarios, HPM could deter intrusions or disable unauthorised devices without causing permanent harm, offering a versatile tool for law enforcement or homeland security.

 

Advantages. 

The Leonidas system offers several compelling advantages over conventional kinetic defence systems, making it a game-changer in the fight against emerging threats.

    • Cost-Effectiveness. Engaging a target with HPM requires only electrical energy, a fraction of the cost of expending missiles or ammunition. This is particularly advantageous against low-cost drones, where using expensive munitions is economically unsustainable.
    • Precision and Control. Operators can tune the system to affect specific areas or targets, minimising collateral damage. Adjusting power output in real time allows it to respond to varying threat levels with tailored precision.
    • Scalability. From small consumer drones to larger military UAS, the Leonidas system can adapt its energy output to neutralise a wide range of targets, offering flexibility across different operational contexts.
    • Unlimited Magazine. Unlike guns or missile launchers with finite ammunition, the Leonidas system can operate continuously as long as it has power, making it ideal for prolonged engagements or swarm attacks.

 

Challenges

Despite its promise, the Leonidas system faces several technical and operational challenges that must be addressed for widespread adoption:-

    • Power Requirements. Generating high-power microwaves demands significant electrical energy. For mobile deployments, this necessitates robust power sources, such as large batteries or generators that could limit the system’s portability or require frequent recharging.
    • Range and Environmental Limitations. HPM’s effectiveness decreases with distance due to beam divergence and atmospheric absorption. Adverse weather conditions, such as rain or fog, could further reduce performance, potentially requiring multiple units for comprehensive coverage.
    • Integration with Existing Systems. Incorporating a novel technology like HPM into established defence frameworks involves significant hurdles. This includes adapting hardware, training personnel, and developing tactics to maximise its utility alongside traditional systems.
    • Unintended Disruptions. HPM’s broad-area effects could inadvertently interfere with friendly electronics, communication networks, or civilian infrastructure if not carefully managed. Robust targeting and safety protocols are essential to mitigate this risk.
    • Strategic Considerations. While primarily defensive, the ability to disable electronics at a distance raises questions about potential offensive applications or escalation in conflicts. International laws and treaties governing directed energy weapons may need to evolve to address these concerns and ensure responsible use.

 

Impact and Future Prospects

Epirus has successfully tested the Leonidas system, showcasing its ability to neutralise drone swarms with precision and speed. These demonstrations have attracted global attention from military and defence organisations, underscoring the system’s potential to fill a critical gap in countermeasures. Partnerships with defence contractors or government agencies signal growing confidence in HPM technology and its readiness for operational deployment.

Looking to the future, Epirus may enhance the Leonidas system with more significant power outputs to tackle more prominent or more resilient targets. Integration with complementary technologies, such as lasers, could create a multi-layered defence system, combining HPM’s wide-area effects with a laser’s pinpoint accuracy. Advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning could also enable autonomous operation, allowing the system to detect, prioritise, and engage threats in complex environments with minimal human intervention.

The broader implications of the Leonidas system extend beyond immediate defence needs. As directed-energy weapons gain traction, they could influence global military strategies, potentially sparking an arms race or prompting new regulatory frameworks. For now, its focus on countering drones positions it as a vital tool in an increasingly drone-dominated world.

 

Global DEW Projects

Directed energy weapons (DEWs) are advanced technologies that use focused energy, such as lasers or microwaves, to disable or destroy targets without physical projectiles. Numerous countries are researching and developing these weapons, each with unique projects and strategic goals.

United States. The US is a leader in DEW development. Besides Leonidas, the Department of Defence (DOD) and agencies like DARPA, the Air Force Research Laboratory, and the Naval Research Laboratory are researching DEWs to counter ballistic missiles and hypersonic cruise missiles. Notable projects include the High-Energy Laser Scaling Initiative (HELSI) and systems like HELIOS, with demonstrations successfully shooting down drones.

China. China is making rapid strides in DEW development, with a focus on high-energy lasers and microwave systems. State media and manufacturers have released images of handheld and vehicle-mounted laser systems, including the LW-30, a 30kW road-mobile high-energy laser (HEL) designed for unmanned aerial systems (UAS) and precision-guided weapons. Their efforts extend to counter space applications, with ground-based DEWs potentially targeting satellites, as highlighted in analyses.

Russia. Russia has been developing DEWs for decades, with the Peresvet laser weapon system entering experimental combat duty in 2018 and claimed operational use during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine. A more advanced version, “Zadira,” can incinerate targets up to three miles away within five seconds. Russia is also working on EMP cannons and microwave guns for anti-drone applications.

United Kingdom. The UK’s Ministry of Defence (MOD) is investing heavily in DEWs, with projects like DragonFire, a laser-directed energy weapon (LDEW) that achieved its first high-power firing against aerial targets in January 2024 at the Hebrides Range.  DragonFire, with a range classified but capable of hitting a £1 coin from a kilometer away, is expected to be deployable by 2027. Additionally, the Radio Frequency Directed Energy Weapon (RFDEW) is nearing service by 2026, focusing on countering unmanned systems.

France and Germany. France and Germany are key players in European DEW development, often through multinational collaborations. France is involved in projects like the TALOS-TWO, involving 21 partners across eight EU nations. Germany is focusing on integrating DEWs into defence platforms. These efforts aim for operational deployment by 2030, emphasising cost-effective counter-drone and missile defence systems.

India. India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is actively pursuing DEWs, with projects like the Directionally Unrestricted Ray-Gun Array (DURGA II), a 100-kilowatt lightweight DEW at the concept stage, set for integration with land, sea, and air platforms. Other initiatives include the KALI particle accelerator and a 1KW laser weapon for counter-IED operations, with plans for 25-kW and 100-kW systems.

Israel. Israel is advancing the Iron Beam laser-based DEW, designed to complement its Iron Dome system. A contract signed in October 2024 for operational service within a year reflects its cost-effectiveness. The US has allocated $1.2 billion for Iron Beam procurement.

Iran and Turkey. They claim DEWs in active service, adding controversy to global assessments. Iran has announced developments in laser air defence systems, while Turkey claims the ALKA DEW was used in combat in Libya in 2019. However, specifics and verification are scarce, with claims often met with scepticism due to limited transparency.

South Korea, Japan, and Australia. South Korea and Japan have advanced technological capabilities, with South Korea developing laser-based systems for counter-drone applications, though less prominently than significant powers. Japan focuses more on nuclear and space technologies, with limited public DEW projects. Australia is investing in DEW technology, particularly for countering drones, with a $13 million deal with QinetiQ for a prototype defensive laser.

 

Conclusion

The Leonidas system by Epirus marks a transformative advancement in modern defence. It harnesses high-power microwave technology to address the escalating threat of drones and electronic-based hazards. Its non-kinetic approach offers a cost-effective, precise, and scalable solution that outperforms traditional systems in key areas, from countering swarms to enabling electronic warfare. While challenges such as power demands, environmental constraints, and integration remain, the system’s successful demonstrations and growing adoption signal its readiness to make a lasting impact.

The future of Directed Energy Weapons (DEWs) is promising, with advancements in laser, microwave, and particle beam technologies enhancing their effectiveness. These weapons offer rapid engagement, precision targeting, and cost efficiency, making them invaluable for missile defence, drone neutralisation, and electronic warfare. However, hurdles such as energy storage, environmental limitations, and legal-ethical concerns must be overcome. As nations invest in DEW research, their role in modern warfare will expand, shaping the next generation of defence capabilities.

 

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References and credits

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Disclaimer:

Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.

 

 

Link to the article on the website:-

One Shot, 100 Kills! U.S. Unleashes “Revolutionary” HPM Weapon That Can ‘Fry’ Hostile UAVs Within Seconds

 

References:-

  1. Epirus Inc. “Leonidas High-Power Microwave: Directed Energy for Counter-Unmanned Aerial Systems (cUAS).” Epirus Official Website. ​
  1. DefenceScoop. “Marines to Get New Drone-Killing Microwave Weapon Designed for Expeditionary Operations.” DefenceScoop, September 23, 2024. ​
  1. Axios. “Drone-Frying Defence Firm Epirus Raises $250 Million.” Axios, March 5, 2025. ​
  1. Reuters. “Defence Tech Startup Epirus Secures $250 Million to Make Anti-Drone Weapons.” Reuters, March 5, 2025. ​
  1. Army Technology. “Leonidas High-Power Microwave System, US.” Army Technology, August 2024. ​
  1. Unmanned Airspace. “Epirus to Deliver Leonidas Expeditionary Air Defence System to US Navy.” Unmanned Airspace, September 2024. ​
  1. NightDragon. “Building the Future of Air Defense: Our Investment in Epirus.” NightDragon Insights, March 2025. ​
  1. “The Future of War: How Directed Energy Weapons Are Changing Military Strategy.” Defence One, October 2023.
  1. “Laser Weapons and High-Power Microwaves: The Pentagon’s Next-Generation Arsenal.” The National Interest, November 2023.
  1. “Directed Energy Weapons and the Challenge of Counter-Drone Warfare.” C4ISRNET, July 2024.
  1. “How Lasers and Microwaves Are Redefining the Battlefield.” Defense News, August 2024.
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627: INVOLVEMENT OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR IN INDIAN FIGHTER JET PRODUCTION

 

My Article published on the Chanakya Forum Website

on 24 Mar 25.

 

A recent Indian defence committee has recommended increasing private sector participation in military aircraft manufacturing to enhance the Indian Air Force’s capabilities. The committee, led by the defence ministry’s top bureaucrat, submitted its report to Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, who has directed that the recommendations be implemented promptly. The report emphasises the need for private companies to work alongside Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs) and the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) to achieve self-reliance in aerospace manufacturing. It suggests implementing short-, medium–, and long-term measures to expedite the production of Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) variants, including Mk-1, Mk-1A, and Mk-2, to address delays and strengthen the IAF’s operational readiness.

India’s aerospace and defence sector has undergone significant transformation in recent decades, evolving from a predominantly state-controlled domain to increasingly embracing private sector participation. Fighter jet production, a critical component of national defence, has traditionally been the preserve of public sector undertakings (PSUs) like Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). However, with the government’s push for indigenisation, self-reliance, and modernisation under initiatives like “Make in India,” the private sector is emerging as a vital player in this high-stakes industry. This article examines the intricacies of how private companies contribute to India’s defence capabilities and what lies ahead for this evolving partnership.

 

Historical Context

India’s journey into fighter jet production began in the mid-20th century, heavily reliant on foreign technology and licensing agreements. The 1960s saw HAL commence production of the Soviet-designed MiG-21 under license, marking the start of India’s aircraft manufacturing journey. Over the years, HAL expanded its portfolio, producing aircraft like the Jaguar, Mirage 2000, and Su-30 MKI, all under similar arrangements with foreign OEMs. These efforts established HAL as the cornerstone of India’s defence aviation industry, supported by other PSUs and the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).

The push for Indigenous fighter jet development gained momentum with the HF-24 Marut, designed by German engineer Kurt Tank in the 1960s. However, the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas program, initiated in the 1980s by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) with HAL as the production partner, represented a significant leap towards self-reliance. The Tejas, inducted into the Indian Air Force (IAF) in 2016, showcased India’s ability to design and build a modern fighter jet, albeit with substantial reliance on imported components.

Historically, private sector involvement in fighter jet production was minimal. The defence sector’s strategic importance, high capital requirements and restricted access to advanced technology confined manufacturing to PSUs. While effective in establishing a foundational aerospace industry, this PSU-centric model faced limitations in scalability, innovation, and meeting the IAF’s growing demands, setting the stage for private sector inclusion.

 

Policy Changes Enabling Private Sector Participation

A series of progressive policy reforms have driven the shift towards private sector involvement in defence manufacturing, including fighter jets. Launched in 2014, the “Make in India” initiative sought to bolster domestic manufacturing and reduce import dependency, with defence identified as a priority sector. This program encouraged private companies to participate in defence production by fostering a conducive business environment and promoting collaborations with global players.

A pivotal policy change was the liberalisation of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in defence. Previously capped at 26%, the FDI limit was raised to 74% under the automatic route in 2020, with provisions for up to 100% on a case-by-case basis for critical technologies. This opened doors for foreign OEMs to invest in India, often in partnership with private Indian firms, facilitating technology transfer and capacity building.

The Strategic Partnership (SP) Model, introduced in the 2017 Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP), marked another milestone. Designed to foster long-term collaborations between private Indian companies and foreign OEMs, the SP Model identifies private firms as Strategic Partners in manufacturing major defence platforms, including fighter aircraft. The selection process emphasises financial stability, technical expertise, and manufacturing capabilities to create a robust domestic defence industrial base.

Revisions to the DPP further supported this shift. The DPP 2016 introduced the “Buy (Indian-IDDM)” category—Indigenously Designed, Developed, and Manufactured—prioritising equipment with at least 40% Indigenous content. Offset clauses in defence contracts, mandating foreign vendors to invest a percentage of the contract value in India, have also incentivised partnerships with private companies. These policies collectively signal a departure from the PSU monopoly, inviting private sector innovation and investment.

 

Current Involvement of the Private Sector

The private sector’s role in Indian fighter jet production is multifaceted, spanning manufacturing, supply chain contributions, and support services. While HAL remains the primary assembler of fighter jets like the Tejas, private companies are increasingly integrated into the production ecosystem.

Supply Chain Contributions. In the Tejas program, private firms supply critical components and sub-systems. Dynamatic Technologies, for instance, manufactures the front fuselage of the Tejas, demonstrating the precision and reliability private players can offer. Larsen & Toubro (L&T) contributes to various aerospace projects, leveraging its engineering expertise, while Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL) participates in component manufacturing and assembly processes. These collaborations reduce HAL’s burden and enhance production efficiency, paving the way for a more robust and agile production ecosystem.

Offset Obligations.  Major defence deals have catalysed private sector involvement. The 2016 Rafale deal with France’s Dassault Aviation, involving 36 fighter jets, included offsets worth billions. Reliance Defence and Engineering partnered with Dassault to fulfil these obligations, producing components and establishing a manufacturing facility in Nagpur. Such partnerships generate business for private firms, facilitating skill development and technology absorption.

Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO). Beyond production, private companies are making inroads into MRO services, which are essential for maintaining fighter jet fleets. TASL has established advanced MRO facilities that service military and civilian aircraft, while Mahindra Defence Systems supports aerospace equipment. These services ensure operational readiness, a critical factor given the IAF’s ageing fleet.

Emerging Technologies. Some private firms are exploring adjacent fields like Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Companies like TASL and Adani Defence & Aerospace are developing drones and building aerospace expertise that could eventually support fighter jet programs. While UAVs differ from manned fighters, the technological overlap strengthens the private sector’s aerospace capabilities.

Technology Transfer and Innovation. Technology transfer remains a cornerstone of private sector growth. Collaborations with foreign OEMs provide access to advanced systems, such as radar and propulsion technologies, while joint ventures encourage co-development. Private firms also invest in innovation, exploring additive manufacturing (3D printing) and artificial intelligence to streamline production and reduce costs. Over time, these efforts could lead to fully indigenous fighter jet designs.

Role of MSMEs. Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are the backbone of the aerospace supply chain. These firms produce smaller components—fasteners, wiring harnesses, and sub-assemblies—supporting larger private companies and PSUs. By integrating MSMEs, the industry can enhance efficiency and scalability, fostering a broader industrial ecosystem and providing opportunities for growth and innovation.

 

Key Defence Production Private Companies. Several private companies have shown interest in participating in fighter jet manufacturing, either independently or in collaboration with HAL and foreign OEMs.

    • Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL) has emerged as a leader in India’s private aerospace sector. Its joint venture with Lockheed Martin to produce aero structures, including wings for the C-130J Super Hercules, showcases its manufacturing prowess. Although the F-16 production proposal did not materialise, TASL’s capabilities position it for future fighter jet projects.
    • Mahindra Defence Systems. Mahindra has leveraged its automotive expertise to enter defence manufacturing, supplying aircraft components and expressing interest in the SP Model. Its partnership with Airbus for helicopter components reflects its ambition to expand into fighter jet production.
    • Larsen & Toubro (L&T). L&T’s decades-long experience in defence engineering includes contributions to the Tejas and other platforms. Its advanced manufacturing facilities and focus on precision engineering make it a strong contender in aerospace production.
    • Adani Defence & Aerospace. It aims to enhance India’s self-reliance in defence manufacturing. While active in UAVs, avionics, and MRO, it seeks partnerships for fighter jet production but lacks an indigenous fighter aircraft program.

 

Challenges Faced by Private Companies

Private companies face significant hurdles in entering fighter jet production despite growing involvement.

    • High Capital Investment. Aerospace manufacturing demands substantial upfront investment in infrastructure, technology, and skilled manpower. The long gestation periods before returns materialise deter many firms, particularly more minor players.
    • Technological Barriers. Fighter jet production requires mastery of complex technologies—avionics, propulsion, and materials science—that PSUs like HAL have developed over decades. Private companies often lack this expertise, relying on foreign partnerships that may limit technology transfer.
    • Bureaucratic Procurement Processes. The defence procurement system is notoriously complex, with lengthy tendering, evaluation, and approval stages. This can discourage private firms accustomed to faster commercial cycles.
    • Competition with PSUs. HAL’s entrenched position and government backing create an uneven playing field. Private companies must compete with HAL’s economies of scale and establish relationships with the IAF.
    • Quality and Certification. Fighter jets demand uncompromising quality and safety standards. Private firms must navigate rigorous certification processes, such as those mandated by the Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification (CEMILAC), adding time and cost.

 

Future Prospects

The private sector’s role in Indian fighter jet production is set for significant expansion, driven by policy continuity, market demand, and technological advancements. Government initiatives such as Atmanirbhar Bharat and the Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) foster a stable investment climate, encouraging private firms to engage in aerospace manufacturing. Policy measures like strategic partnerships and increased foreign direct investment (FDI) limits further enhance private sector participation.

Market demand is another key driver. The Indian Air Force (IAF) is undergoing rapid modernisation, with plans to replace ageing aircraft and induct advanced fighters. Additionally, India’s ambition to become a defence exporter presents lucrative opportunities for private companies. Countries in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Africa could become potential buyers, bolstering the case for increased private production.

Technological advancements are also reshaping the industry. Additive manufacturing, artificial intelligence, and advanced materials reduce entry barriers and enable new players to contribute. Collaborations with global aerospace firms can further accelerate technology absorption.

However, for private firms to succeed, key enablers must be addressed. Streamlining procurement processes, enhancing R&D funding, and developing a skilled workforce are critical. Bureaucratic hurdles and financial constraints have historically hindered private participation, but targeted reforms could unlock their full potential. If these challenges are managed effectively, private companies could be pivotal in next-generation fighter projects like the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA). This would strengthen India’s defence manufacturing ecosystem and enhance its strategic autonomy in aerospace technology.

Conclusion

The involvement of the private sector in Indian fighter jet production marks a paradigm shift from a PSU-dominated landscape to a collaborative ecosystem. While challenges like capital intensity and technological gaps persist, the opportunities—driven by policy reforms, IAF requirements, and global partnerships—are immense. Companies like TASL, Mahindra, and L&T exemplify the potential of private enterprises to enhance India’s defence capabilities. As the nation strives for self-reliance, the private sector’s role will be pivotal in shaping a robust, innovative, and competitive aerospace industry, ensuring that India’s fighter jets soar not just in the skies but also as symbols of industrial prowess and strategic autonomy.

 

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INVOLVEMENT OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR IN INDIAN FIGHTER JET PRODUCTION

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