This article is based on news about Optonic Shield in secondary sources (Couldn’t find any official announcement by DRDO).
Reportedly, India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is leading the way with a new defence system called Optonic Shield, which will revolutionise the nature of battles and security of essential assets. This indigenous system is likely to combine laser dazzlers, satellite communication, multifaceted electro-optical sensors and electronic warfare suites to create a hemispherical security shield. With the application of non-lethal DEWs, real-time intelligence sharing and AI-based analytical response, Optonic Shield will essentially respond to evolved threats like drones, missiles and swarm attacks.
Battlefield Transformation: Kinetic to Directed-Energy Dominance. The Optonic Shield basically would change the character of warfare by moving from traditional kinetic interceptors—guns and missiles—to a directed-energy response. It would have its core characteristics in the form of high-power laser dazzlers, which non-lethally blind or incapacitate optical sensors and guidance systems, providing a low-cost-per-shot solution with no limits to ammunition. This is especially critical in combating asymmetric threats, where low-cost UAVs and swarm UAVs, seen in recent wars, bypass conventional defences. The system’s capacity for extended engagements eliminates the numerical advantage of swarms, minimising attrition weariness on the defensive forces.
Hemispherical Coverage. Multispectral EO/IR sensors and satellite data links will provide full 360-degree panoramic situational awareness with no blind spots. Real-time coordination via secure satellite link also would enable immediate engagement, designation, and node integration. This is required for quick reaction to fast flying threats like hypersonic missiles or stealth drones, where conventional radars are often not able to track well. The Optonic Shield’s electro-optical tracking or glare detection and laser warning receivers make potential engagements possible at the speed of light, which improves accuracy while reducing overall reaction time.
Capability Enhancement. The Optonic Shield would enhance India’s deterrence by putting it alongside top countries like the US, China, Russia, and Israel in DEW capability. Its electronic warfare equipment would neutralise low-observable threats like stealth aircraft or guided munitions, enhancing defences against regional rivals with growing drone and missile capabilities. Imagery intelligence (IMINT) functions further enhance situational awareness, supporting dynamic response to threats in high-tempo, multi-domain operations.
Securing Critical Infrastructure. The Optonic Shield would provide coverage to essential assets with a paradigm shift from perimeter security to end-to-end aerial domes. High-value targets like airports, refineries, power stations, and energy installations, susceptible to drone penetration and saboteur attack, would get protection from the system. System’s 360-degree protection and laser dazzlers would disable hostile UAVs without endangering aircraft or passengers. EO/IR sensors would enable precise targeting in urban environments, where kinetic weapons could cause significant collateral damage. Satellite interface with air traffic control and national networks would facilitate quick threat remediation, as experienced in possible scenarios such as drone swarms interfering with flights. Data centers, which store critical digital content, are subject to hybrid threats from cyber and physical drone attacks. Jamming of communication and satellite signals, along with networked infrastructure, would work in tandem with cybersecurity features for complete protection. In urban and sensitive environments such as large-scale events, low collateral is necessary to maintain public safety, while operators make use of panoramic displays for effective monitoring.
Strategic Implications. The Optonic Shield represents local ingenuity, minimising foreign system dependence and support for national strategic autonomy priorities. Its modularity and scalability would enable customised deployments between borders, coasts, and metropolises. There are also deeper implications with denial-based deterrence; this could cause adversary states to reconsider their strategy of asymmetric warfare. The future versions may also leverage next-generation AI in the aspects of threat assessments and interfacing with missile defence, electronic warfare, or cyber domains.
Challenges and Limitations. Despite the promise of the Optonic Shield, challenges remain. Elements of the environment, such as rain, fog, or dust, multiply the laser beam; performance tests in India’s environment might be arduous. Beam control systems are in the process of development; however, it would be fair to say that a fair bit of innovation will be needed. High power requirements cause generation and cooling problems, especially for mobile platforms, making extended wartime operations difficult. Enemies may use countermeasures such as anti-laser paint or smoke screens that would force continuous advances in multi-spectral sensors and jamming technology. The timeline for deployment is another challenge. Complete Optonic Shield deployment, particularly satellite or aerial variants, could take years and involve a huge outlay. The reliance on satellites is indeed risky, with vulnerabilities to anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons from adversaries. Efficacy in real-life scenarios against hypersonics or stealth has to be demonstrated.
Conclusion. As the DRDO advances the Optonic Shield, India will be at the forefront of future defence. The Optonic Shield would be an indigenous multi-layered, non-lethal system with complex real-world connections which radically change the way hybrid threats are defended against in both combat and homeland environments. By continuing to pivot to new solutions and protect India’s economic and strategic interests, India will entrench itself as a world-leader in warfare capabilities, and the Optonic Shield will usher India into the age of dynamic, responsive defence.
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The march of computing power from the mechanical Wright Flyer of 1903 to the AI-powered, quantum-enabled systems of today has revolutionised aviation by heightening efficiency, automation, and connectivity.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is well embedded in aircraft operations, while quantum computing (QC) is still experimental but set to change design and logistics.
But these developments bring with them profound safety and security threats, and need to be addressed with strong mitigation measures.
Development of Computing Power in Aircraft
Pre-Computing Period (1903–1950s): Mechanical and Analogue Systems
1903 (Wright Flyer). No computing; manual operation through mechanical linkages and simple analogue instruments (e.g., compass, altimeter). Pilots relied on visual indicators.
1930s–1940s. Early commercial aircraft (e.g., Douglas DC-3) employed analogue instruments and ground radio beacons for navigation, with no computational processing.
Late 1940s. Analogue computers, such as gyroscopic autopilots in fighter aircraft, employed vacuum tubes for simple stabilisation.
Early Digital Computing (1950s–1970s): Analogue to Digital Shift
1950s. Analogue computers had stabilised but were heavy and restrictive.
1960s. Transistors allowed for digital avionics in military aircraft (e.g., F-4 Phantom) for simple navigation and radar. Commercial aircraft (e.g., Boeing 707) were still analogue-dominated.
Late 1960s–1970s. Integrated circuits (ICs), which borrowed from the Apollo Guidance Computer, featured limited digital processing on aircraft such as the Concorde (1969) with analogue fly-by-wire.
Digital Revolution (1980s–1990s): Fly-by-Wire and Glass Cockpits
1980s. Microprocessors created digital fly-by-wire (FBW) for the Airbus A320 (1987), utilising redundant processors (e.g., Intel 8086) to eliminate mechanical controls.
Glass Cockpits. Aircraft such as the Boeing 767 (1982) combined flight, navigation, and engine information on CRT screens.
Flight Management Systems (FMS). In the 1980s (e.g., Honeywell FMS), these utilised 16-bit processors to automate fuel management and navigation, lessening pilot workload.
Advanced Computing (1990s–2010s): Integration and Automation
1990s. PowerPC processors and GPS navigation in aircraft such as the Boeing 777 (1995) improved autopilot, diagnostics, and navigation.
Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA). The Airbus A380 (2005) integrated functions into centralised processors, enhancing efficiency.
Safety Systems. TCAS and EGPWS employed 32-bit processors (about hundreds of MIPS) for real-time collision avoidance and terrain clearance.
Current Period (2010s–2025): High-Performance Computing and AI
2010s. Multi-core processors (e.g., Intel/ARM) in planes like the Boeing 787 and Airbus A350 provided real-time weather analysis, predictive maintenance, and flight optimisation.
ADS-B (2020). Mandatory GPS-based position broadcasting necessitated high processing for traffic management.
Integration with AI. In 2025, AI systems (e.g., DARPA’s ALIAS, Boeing’s Loyal Wingman) will digest terabytes of sensor data for predictive maintenance, anomaly detection, and semi-autonomous flight.
Connectivity. High-bandwidth onboard servers are used to handle operational and passenger data.
Future Trends (2025 and beyond)
Quantum Computing. Research looks into QC for air traffic control and aerodynamics, with potential by the 2030s.
Sustainable Systems. Electric/hybrid aeroplanes (e.g., Airbus E-Fan X) use advanced battery management with real-time computing.
Autonomous Flight. AI-based systems with GPU/TPU accelerators handle petabytes of information for complete autonomous flight.
Influences of AI and Quantum Computing on Civil Aviation
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Predictive maintenance. AI enables the evaluation of sensor data to predict failures, which increases reliability and reduces expenses.
Flight optimisation. AI improves fuel consumption by 10% and emissions by optimising routes and managing outages.
Autonomous Flight and Pilot Support. AI autopilot and co-pilot technologies take care of standard functions and optimise emergency responses, decreasing pilot workload.
Airport Performance. AI optimises check-in, baggage handling, and air traffic control, enhancing passenger journeys.
Design Innovation. Generative AI shortens aerodynamic and material design cycles.
Market Expansion. The AI aviation market is expected to expand at a 22.6% CAGR by 2030.
Quantum Computing (QC)
Advanced Simulations. QC optimises computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and structural analysis for light, efficient airframes.
Sustainable Aviation. QC simulates new materials and fuels for hybrid/electric propulsion.
Future Potential. NASA and Boeing studies suggest QC advantages by the 2030s, in spite of existing error-rate limitations.
Effects of Computing Progression
Efficiency. FMS and route optimisation save billions in fuel costs each year.
Automation. Automated takeoffs, landings, and cruise allow for a single pilot, or sometimes autonomous flight, particularly in the case of military aviation.
Maintenance. Predictive maintenance, which relies on AI for the analysis of data, helps to reduce costs and delays.
Connectivity. Global data routed in near real-time enhances operations and passenger services.
Safety. With redundancy and real-time analysis (for example, TCAS, EGPWS), the accident rate has decreased more than 80% since the late 1970s.
Key Air Force AI Applications
Autonomous Combat Drones and Loyal Wingmen: AI-controlled UAVs, such as the U.S. Skyborg, Russia’s Okhotnik-B, and India’s CATS Warrior, conduct autonomous targeting, reconnaissance, and electronic warfare. Loyal wingmen (e.g., Boeing’s MQ-28 Ghost Bat) assist manned aircraft, minimising dangers to pilots.
AI-Assisted Air Combat. AI systems, as indicated in DARPA’s AlphaDogfight Trials, outcompete human pilots in dogfights through quick decision-making and optimal tactics.
AI Co-Pilot Systems. AI helps pilots with instant threat analysis, flight route optimisation, and weapons control, as in the U.S. Air Force’s ACE program.
Predictive Maintenance and Logistics. Artificial intelligence systems like CBM+ allow for the prediction of equipment failure, which reduces downtime and optimises allocation of resources, leading to improved fleet readiness and lower costs.
Air Defence Systems. AI allows for improved target detection and target engagement in air defence systems like Israel’s Iron Dome and Russia’s S-500 systems, allowing for a faster response to threats that are detected.
Electronic Warfare (EW). AI jams hostile radar independently, learns about threats, and defends assets against cyber and electromagnetic attacks.
Mission Planning. AI processes battlefield information to produce optimal plans, dynamically realigns plans, and incorporates multi-source intelligence for data-driven decision-making.
Swarm Warfare. Swarms of drones controlled by AI overwhelm defences, perform ISR, and jamming, with nations such as the U.S., China, and India developing this capability.
Benefits.
Better Decision Making. AI manages sizeable amounts of data for real-time intelligence and speed of reaction.
Reduction in Pilot Workload. Automators allow pilots to engage in tactically focused functions versus technically focused functions.
Improvement in Combat Effect. AI and drones enhance targeting.
Reduction in Collateral Damage. UAVs fly missions with high risk, ultimately reducing civilian casualties.
Creating levels of logistics. Predictive maintenance continues to reduce both operational downtime and costs.
Challenges & Ethical Issues
Autonomy versus Control. Fully autonomous systems raise a question of who is responsible.
Cybersecurity and Operational Risk. AI systems can be hacked and/or manipulated.
Bias and Mistakes. Incorrect target identification may result in unwanted collateral civilian casualties.
International Arms Race. The Race for sophisticated AI weapons systems potentially destabilises international security.
Prospects in the Future
Greater Autonomy. UCAVs will function independently in high-risk operations.
Hypersonic Weapons. AI will improve missile accuracy and velocity.
Quantum Integration. Artificial intelligence and quantum computing will transform data processing used in predictive analytics and threat detection.
Counter-AI Warfare. Armed forces will devise methods for nullifying adversary AI capabilities.
Ethical Regulation. Strong guidelines must be put in place to deal with ethical and strategic issues.
Security and Safety Risks to Aviation
Security Risks
Data Poisoning and Adversarial Attacks: AI inputs can maliciously be manipulated and affect flight controls, navigation, or airport functionality.
System Vulnerabilities. Ageing infrastructure can be susceptible to AI-based cyberattacks (e.g., ADS-B hijacking) and needs strong firewalls and intrusion detection.
Generative AI Threats. AI might be used to create deceptive data or evade security.
Encryption Threats. QC algorithms (e.g., Shor’s) might compromise public-key cryptography (RSA, ECC), endangering data breaches or spoofed signals in avionics and communications.
Harvest Now, Decrypt Later. Threats may carry encrypted flight data for later decryption, compromising flight plans and military communications.
Complex Attack Surfaces. Multiple layers of interconnected networks and avionics increase threats that are capable of quantum attacks.
Safety Risks
Algorithmic Errors. AI bias or misinterpretation can lead to incorrect commands for autopilot or navigation decisions, resulting in accidents.
Over-Reliance. AI reliance may negatively impact pilot proficiency; however, in-flight analysis can strengthen safety.
Transparency. Black box AI channels pilot interpretation and overt truth.
Semi-Autonomous Systems. The likelihood of a failure of autonomous operations in rare cases is significant.
Simulation Errors. QC’s current error rates could lead to defective designs exposed via QC, and lead to unsafe airframes.
Cyber-Driven Safety Critical Hazards. Quantum cyberattacks may disrupt avionics and navigation, leading to failures and unsafe operations.
Navigation Upgrades. Quantum sensors could provide fixes for navigation, but have not been adopted universally.
Mitigation Strategies
Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC). Shift to quantum-resistant algorithms (e.g., lattice-based cryptography) to protect avionics, communications, and air traffic control. NIST is developing PQC standards.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). Use QKD for unbreakable encryption in high-priority systems such as ADS-B.
Resilient AI Governance. Build explainable AI (XAI) frameworks, ongoing validation, and adversarial testing to make it transparent and minimise errors.
Redundant Systems. Keep classical backups to counteract AI or QC failures.
Regulatory Harmonisation. Enhance global aviation standards for AI and QC certification with a priority on safety, interoperability, and training of the workforce.
Security by Design. Implement quantum-resistant architectures, identity-first safeguarding (e.g., biometrics, zero trust), and layered cyber defence in avionics and communications.
Automated with Human in the Loop. Implement AI-enabled automation (such as SOAR) to enhance response time while leveraging a human in the process in order to limit escalation.
Cloud Resilience. We need to balance our distributed cloud configurations and our sovereignty needs, imparting trust with these secure and reliable practices.
Conclusions
The computing capacity of mechanical devices in 1903 transitioned to AI-driven quantum systems by 2025. This change has transformed and continues to transform airline operations, enabling unprecedented levels of safety, efficiency, automation, and connectivity. AI is playing an ever-expanding role by improving The Boeing Root Cause Analysis for Maintenance, efficiencies in flight planning, and improving passenger experiences, with a projected 22.6 % CAGR growth to 2030. Quantum computing is yet largely experimental, but it is expected to have significant impacts on the way we design and logistics in the 2030s. We must study our speed of evolution against the risk and governance required with these technologies. AI has vulnerabilities either as a function of adversarial attacks or software imperfections, while quantum computing has the potential to break our encryption and create weaknesses in avionics and data integrity. There are safety risks we need to contend with, including failures in algorithms and problems in design from quantum technologies. The risk controls in the aviation environment require support for the cybersecurity principles established within ACCON’25, also known as the National Aerospace Cybersecurity Strategic Plan. These controls include Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC), Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), Explainable AI (XAI), Redundant systems, Security-by.
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Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.
References:-
Sawyer, D. R. “Autonomous Weapons and Military Ethics”, Journal of Military Ethics, 14(1), 51-65, 2015.
“History of Flight: Avionics, Passenger Support, and Safety”, Britannica, Published August 1, 2025.
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Article published on the IIRF website on 03 Sep 25.
As India has emerged as a rising maritime power in the Indo-Pacific, the Indian Navy needs to protect its vast sea interests from advanced threats, with China being a significant threat with highly advanced anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) capabilities. Rising long-range precision missiles, advanced sensors, and cyber warfare erode the traditional naval formation. Therefore, it is necessary to learn new concepts. The U.S. Navy’s Distributed Maritime Operations (DMO) approach offers a model for India to enhance its maritime strike capability, operational flexibility, and survivability in contested areas, such as the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). It is prudent to consider the principles of DMO, their applicability to India’s maritime environment, operational shift, technological enablers, challenges, and strategic implications, and how India can leverage DMO to advance its interests and increase its maritime influence.
The Strategic Environment for India
India’s oceanic space is vital to its economic and security requirements, with 90% of its volumetric trade and 70% of its value trade transiting the IOR. The region contains key chokepoints such as the Malacca Strait, critical for world trade but susceptible to A2/AD measures by competitors, who have increased their naval presence by way of bases in Djibouti and Gwadar. China’s reconnaissance-strike complex, including anti-ship ballistic missiles such as the DF-21D, over-the-horizon radars, and space-based surveillance, challenges India’s power projection and freedom of navigation.
Initiated by the U.S. Navy in 2015, DMO offers a template for India to respond to these challenges. By distributing naval forces, linking them in strong networks, and creating flexible command arrangements, DMO conforms to India’s requirement for a flexible, resilient navy able to manoeuvre in contested seas. DMO is consistent with India’s maritime doctrine, which is centred on sea control, power projection, and regional cooperation through ventures such as SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region).
Core Principles of DMO & Relevance for India
Dispersion with Networked Integration. Dispersal of naval resources across the IOR lowers the chances of detection. India’s warships, including aircraft carriers such as INS Vikrant, destroyers, and frigates, can patrol vast geographies and stay networked with secure C4ISR systems. This facilitates synchronised attacks and situational awareness, imperative in contested regions such as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Decentralised Command and Control (C2). DMO prioritises mission command, enabling naval commanders to take quick tactical judgments, crucial for swift responses in evolving situations, e.g., prospective conflicts in the South China Sea or Arabian Sea. This decentralisation helps India better exploit the rapidly changing opportunities with its larger opponents.
Lethality in Distribution. India’s increasing inventory of long-range weapons, including BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles, can be plugged into DMO’s “kill webs,” enabling distributed forces to deliver coordinated attacks. This is debilitating without centralising troops, which is essential to counter enemy anti-ship missiles.
Operational Resilience. By spreading capability across manned and unmanned systems, India can take losses without paralysing operations. Continuity is ensured through backup systems, essential for sustained operations in prolonged conflicts.
Integration of Unmanned Systems. Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs), unmanned surface ships (USVs), and unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) can add to India’s sensor and strike capabilities. Initiatives such as the Defence Research and Development Organisation’s (DRDO) development of unmanned systems fall within the ambit of DMO’s focus on autonomous platforms.
All-Domain Synergy. DMO’s multi-domain approach bridges India’s naval operations with air, space, cyber, and land resources. Integrating with the Indian Air Force and Indian Army, and space assets, enhances collaborative operations and conforms to India’s transition towards tri-service integration.
Operational Framework for India
Historically, India’s maritime operations have been focused on carrier battle groups, such as those commanded by INS Vikramaditya. DMO alters the focus to a networked fleet system, with destroyers, frigates, submarines, and drones operating as nodes in the IOR. For instance, a DMO context could be a destroyer off the Arabian Sea coast, a P-8I Poseidon flying over the Bay of Bengal, and unmanned platforms off the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, all communicating in real-time to synchronise a missile attack on an enemy fleet.
India’s Andaman and Nicobar Command, which is a tri-service command, and similar structure on the western islands, can serve as a hub for DMO, like the U.S. Marine Corps’ Expeditionary Advanced Base Operations (EABO). Islands with forward bases can accommodate sensors, anti-ship missiles, and logistics, advancing India’s presence in contested seas and depriving enemies of sea control. This multi-layered approach makes the enemy fight from all sides, increasing India’s strategic depth.
Technological Enablers
DMO implementation is based on leveraging and building the most important technologies:-
C4ISR Systems. India’s Naval Communication Satellite GSAT-7 and GSAT-7R will provide robust communications. Coupling with Tactical Data Links (as Link 16 of NATO) can improve data exchange between platforms, essential for network operations.
Unmanned Systems. DRDO’s work with UAVs and USVs for naval surveillance aligns well with DMO’s emphasis on autonomous platforms. Investments in UUVs in the future can enhance underwater reconnaissance and strike capabilities.
Long-Range Precision Weapons. The long-range BrahMos missile and future hypersonic variants enable distributed forces to strike from considerable ranges. Platform integration with the Scorpene-class submarines enhances DMO’s capability to strike.
Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI can process sensor data, assist in autonomous operations, and augment decision-making, minimising the burden on Indian naval operators in intricate scenarios.
Cyber and Electronic Warfare. India’s growing cyber capabilities, such as the Navy’s Information Warfare divisions, can jam adversary systems and networks, while electronic decoys defend Indian forces.
Implementation Strategies
To achieve DMO, the Indian Navy can focus on:-
Force Design. Maintain a balanced force structure. Invest in small, nimble platforms like the Next Generation Missile Vessels (NGMV) and unmanned vessels to augment larger vessels, increasing fleet adaptability.
Technological Development. Expedite DRDO’s unmanned systems efforts and invest in jam-resistant, secure communications for A2/AD environments.
Doctrinal Evolution. Revise India’s Maritime Doctrine to include DMO principles, with a focus on networked operations and decentralised C2. Exercises such as MALABAR and TROPEX can hone DMO tactics.
Training. Foster initiative-driven leadership through training initiatives, training officers for decentralised decision-making in contested environments.
Regional Cooperation. Enhance interoperability with friendly foreign countries and other IOR navies, incorporating DMO principles in joint exercises and operations.
Challenges
Implementing DMO poses a number of challenges for India:-
Communications Resilience. Enemy cyber and electronic warfare capabilities pose a threat to network stability. India needs to create backup, secure C2 systems for sustaining connectivity under hostile conditions.
Sustainment Logistics. Resupplying scattered forces over the long and wide IOR calls for creative logistics, e.g., resupply ships autonomously or pre-positioning stock at locations such as Lakshadweep.
Technological Deficits. India needs to induce critical technologies in its defence production ecosystem. Urgent acceleration of indigenous development and cooperation with international partners is needed.
Resource Limitations. Limited budgets and other priority defence requirements could stall investments in new platforms, weapons, and networks.
Institutional Adjustment. The move to decentralised command schemes would necessitate significant training and institutional transformation.
Strategic Implications
The Distributed Maritime Operations (DMO) framework greatly enhances India’s Indo-Pacific strategic interests by strengthening deterrence against Anti-Access/Area Denial (A2/AD) approaches. DMO’s enduring and lethal operational reach demonstrates power in the face of A2/AD threats, thus complementing India’s deterrence posture and communicating its capability to counter aggression effectively. In addition, the DMO’s flexible architecture aligns with India’s SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) policy, fostering maritime security cooperation with countries in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Through the dominance of key trade routes and chokepoints, DMO also protects India’s economic interests by facilitating an uninterrupted supply chain in the IOR and enhancing regional stability.
Future Outlook
As India develops its technological prowess, DMO can be enhanced to incorporate AI-powered battle management, autonomous swarming strategies, and space-based sensors. Friendly countries’ collaborative efforts in the mutual development of unmanned systems can speed DMO adoption. Activities such as MILAN exercise and bilateral patrols in the IOR can be used to experiment with DMO ideas, enhancing tactics and coordination. DMO could redefine India’s naval force structure in the long run, with a focus on networked, nimble platforms, aligned with global naval warfare trends.
Conclusion
Distributed Maritime Operations give India a new way to counter A2/AD threats and exercise maritime dominance in the Indo-Pacific. By dispersing forces, drawing on network integration, and building dynamic command structures, India can increase its naval survival and effectiveness against sophisticated opponents such as China. Though aspects related to communication resilience, logistics, and technology gaps would challenge the implementation of DMO, it nevertheless serves India’s strategic interests and overall vision for the Indo-Pacific. The Indian Navy can leverage DMO to protect its maritime interests and shape the direction of maritime warfare in a contested space by implementing doctrinal changes and promoting regional cooperation.
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Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.
References:-
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