Category: indigenisation

Posted on

727: GEOPOLITICAL DYNAMICS AND DEFENCE MODERNISATION: LESSONS OF 2025 CONFLICTS

 

Presented my views at a round table conference at the Best Practices Meet 2025 organised by Data Security Council of India on 21 Aug 25.

 

The year 2025 has been a decisive moment for international security. It has confirmed trends that have been emerging over the last decade. Growing rivalries between several powers, the swift development of hybrid warfare, and defence transformation have been evident in fighting in Ukraine, and Gaza, elsewhere. These scenarios represent a combination of great power competition, scarcity of resources, and technological innovation that compelled countries to adapt rapidly to new realities. This article emphasises salient geopolitical dynamics, lessons of the 2025 wars, and emerging defence modernisation trends. It summarises how nations are reacting to a more precarious world.

 

Geopolitical Dynamics

Changing Power Blocs and Multipolar Rivalries. The world in 2025 is undeniably multipolar. Power is shared among contesting blocs. The US-China competition is most notable, shaping trade tensions, technological divisions, and alliances such as AUKUS (Australia, UK, US) and the Quad (US, India, Japan, Australia). AUKUS has broadened its scope from naval security to include technology cooperation. The Quad, on the other hand, has enhanced strategic collaboration in the Indo-Pacific. China’s aggressive moves, especially control of key supply chains, have increased tensions. This has compelled the US to deepen alliances with India, Japan, and South Korea. At the same time, Russia and Iran are testing Western strength. Russia’s moves in Ukraine and Iran’s proxy interventions in the Middle East are destabilising Europe and the wider world. Therefore, protectionism is on the rise, global markets are disintegrating, and supply chain breakdowns are common, particularly in semiconductors, rare earth elements, and strategic minerals. These strains have amplified geopolitical risk premiums, causing energy and commodity market volatilities and creating regional polarisations.

Resource Competition as Flashpoints. Scarcity of resources is a major source of geopolitical strain in 2025. China’s dominant hold on rare earth processing—more than 80% of the world supply—gives strategic vulnerabilities to Western countries that depend upon those commodities for electronics, green technology, and defence systems. The competition for energy has gained strength, particularly with Russia employing the use of gas supply as a bargaining chip and the volatile oil prices in the Middle East. Climate change is aggravating water scarcity, emerging as a palpable flashpoint, especially in Africa and the Middle East. Conflicts between Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and Middle Eastern water shortages fuel political tensions. These are putting pressure on migration channels and over-stretching international aid systems. These are influencing resource flashpoints to emphasise the need for diversified supply chains and robust infrastructure to reduce geopolitical risks.

Hybrid Warfare and Non-State Actors. The wars of 2025 illustrate that hybrid warfare, which involves conventional military operations along with cyberattacks, propaganda, and the utilisation of drones, has become the primary nature of conflict. In Ukraine, Gaza, as well as the India-Pakistan standoff in April 2025, the methods have created a fusion of state and non-state actors. Non-state actors, such as private military companies and terrorist groups, are acquiring sophisticated technologies, frequently with the intermediation of major-power proxies. In the Red Sea, Houthis, with Iranian backing, have interrupted global supply chains. In the Sahel, uprisings in Mali and Niger are taking advantage of shortages of resources related to climate change and foreign assistance to challenge state control. These hybrid threats need adaptable defence approaches that can integrate cyber capabilities, physical means, and information tactics.

Regionalisation of Conflicts and Proxy Involvement. Local conflicts are spilling over into larger conflicts with support from influential nations. The April 2025 India-Pakistan tensions in Kashmir entailed quick mobilisation, artillery engagements, drone strikes, and cyber activities, fueled by external intelligence and arms supply, raising the nuclear spectre. In the Sahel, both the insurgencies in Niger and Mali, which are driven by climate challenges and poor governance, have attracted Russian and Western intervention, making stabilisation a complex challenge. The conflict between Israel and Hamas in Gaza involving Iranian and Yemeni surrogates has precipitated humanitarian disasters and undermined important trade lanes such as the Red Sea and Bab el-Mandeb Strait, showing the global resonance of regional wars.

Erosion of Multilateralism. Multilateral bodies such as the United Nations are finding it hard to operate under the current geopolitical tensions. The Security Council dynamics have disallowed rapid reactions in the Gaza and Ukraine crises, demonstrating the shortcomings of consensus-driven governance. When older methods lose potency, smaller configurations like AUKUS, the Quad, and the India-France-UAE trilateral are starting to prove themselves as workable options. Yet, these selective alignments further disintegrate global governance, and it becomes difficult to address interconnected challenges like climate change, conflicts, and economic instability.

Economic Warfare and Sanctions. Economic instruments like sanctions, currency intervention, export controls, and supply chain dislocation have become a staple in geopolitical competition. The Russia-Ukraine conflict revealed Europe’s energy vulnerabilities, with gas supply cutbacks fueling inflation. Middle East conflicts, particularly in Gaza, have resulted in oil price spikes and increases in global inflation. The weaponisation of currency, including China’s and Russia’s departures from the dollar, further polarises the world economy. These trends highlight the importance of multiple economic partners and robust supply chains to mitigate the effects of economic warfare.

 

Learnings from 2025 Conflicts

Speed of Escalation and Hybrid Threats. Conflicts in 2025 build rapidly from grey-zone operations—like cyber attacks and disinformation—to physical military responses, in some cases within days. The conflict in Ukraine and the India-Pakistan crisis demonstrate how hybrid threats involving drones, cyber operations, and disinformation raise the stakes, particularly in regions with nuclear powers. Non-state actors add to the complexity of accountability and response, making integrated defence planning critical to manage multi-domain threats.

Civil-Military Tech Convergence. The swift transition of commercial technologies to military applications has altered the face of war. Ukraine’s exploitation of low-cost, commercially procured drones against Russian forces underscores the need for adaptability as opposed to quantities. Likewise, drone strikes between India and Pakistan in 2025 underscore the need for hypersonic technology, AI-enabled targeting, and premium cybersecurity in multi-domain warfare. Such developments necessitate defence architectures prioritising smooth collaboration between civilian and military realms and fast-paced innovation.

Information Domain as a Decisive Battlefield. Shaping narratives and combating disinformation is important for winning strategically. Ukraine’s success in moulding world opinion using social media and open-source intel is a blueprint for successful information operations. In Gaza, the application of sophisticated technologies has minimised casualties among civilians and preserved the support of allies, exemplifying the necessity of an interdisciplinary strategy of information and combat operations to shape legitimacy and diplomatic results.

Logistics Under Fire. Global conflicts have exposed vulnerabilities in supply chains, with specific attacks on fuel depots, rail infrastructures, and electronic inventory breaking operations. Ukraine’s distributed logistics model, depending on diverse supply routes, has served its military operations against sanctions and blockades. This indicates the necessity of resilient, distributed logistics systems for maintaining operational continuity under adverse conditions.

Electronic Warfare and Counter-Drone Operations. Electronic warfare and counter-drone technologies have become a must. In Ukraine, jamming and signal interference tactics have nullified Russian drone activities. Urban combat in Gaza highlights the need for dependable communication in urban centers. Nations must invest in convergent electronic warfare, counter-drone, and cybersecurity competencies to counter emerging threats in sophisticated electronic environments.

Humanitarian and Ethical Considerations. Minimising mistakes among non-combatants is essential. The Gaza and Ukrainian conflicts underscore the importance of precision technologies and moral principles. Allowing force size variations, modernisation, and preparedness demands adaptive forces that can reform toward humanitarian and operational demands quickly. Morality in war is more closely associated with success in strategy since killing civilians might erode legitimacy and result in global sanctions.

Preparing for Peer-to-Peer Conflicts. Analysis based on US-China wargaming and India-Pakistan interactions emphasises the need for enhanced air and missile defences against hypersonic and mass drone threats. US Government Accountability Office reports indicate optimal practices for overcoming these challenges, including AI-based detection and modular defence systems. India’s swift introduction of Akash-NG and S-400 systems indicates a priority for countering peer country threats.

 

Defence Modernisation Trends

Acceleration of AI-Driven Command & Control.  The inculcation of AI in command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance systems is advancing rapidly. Real-time targeting, predictive analytics, and cross-domain integration are enriching decision-making in high-intensity conflicts. India’s AI roadmap for 2025-27 prioritises surveillance, cyber defence, and autonomous systems, in line with AI-driven warfare global trends.

Unmanned Systems Proliferation. The expansion and diversity of unmanned systems—drones, unmanned underwater vehicles, and loitering munitions—are developing at a fast pace. Ukraine’s utilisation of cheap drones against more powerful forces proves the utility of swarm tactics and artificial intelligence technology. Countries are emphasising mass production, redundancy, and flexibility in distributed operations to engage numerically superior adversaries.

Resilient Communications and Quantum-Encrypted Networks. Secure jam-resistant communication networks are vital with increasing electronic warfare threats. Quantum encryption holds out a potential answer to counter cyber intrusions. India’s focus on indigenous cybersecurity development is in sync with international pushes towards robust command-and-control networks and maintaining operational continuity in the midst of war.

Integrated Air & Missile Defence Enhancements. Developments in defending against hypersonic missiles and swarms of drones are essential. AI-based radar platforms, modular interceptors, and networked sensors enable faster reaction times. India, combining Akash-NG with Russian S-400 systems, along with practices that the Government Accountability Office has proposed, demonstrates a layered defence against a range of airborne threats.

Distributed and Modular Force Structures. Greater, fixed sizes of units are being supplanted by smaller, networked ones, which can be rapidly redeployed. Modular force structures allow flexible organisation of tasks, and theatre commands facilitate joint operations. India’s initiative of local defence manufacturing and theatre-level integration is in tune with a worldwide trend towards technology-enabled, agile military forces.

Rapid Production & Fielding Through Modular Manufacturing. Accelerating research and development to deployment is imperative in the quest for staying competitive. Industry 5.0 converges AI, advanced robots, and human-machine interaction to enable modular manufacturing. India’s Production-Linked Incentive programs seek scalable manufacturing of drones and AI systems, tracking global initiatives toward quick, flexible manufacturing.

 

Conclusion

The 2025 geopolitical trends, fueled by rivalry between several powers, resource depletion, and hybrid warfare, have transformed global security. Ukraine, Gaza, and Kashmir conflicts display the velocity of escalation, the role of information control, and the requirement of robust logistics and communications. Defence modernisation is progressing at a fast pace, with systems that embrace AI, unmanned systems, and modular forces taking the forefront. States have to focus on agility, convergence of technologies, and morality to combat the complexity of contemporary threats. With the global system continuing to break apart, the 2025 lessons reinforce the importance of flexible, robust, and creative defence approaches towards guaranteed security in a world that is uncertain.

 

Please Add Value to the write-up with your views on the subject.

 

1924
Default rating

Please give a thumbs up if you  like The Post?

 

For regular updates, please register your email here:-

Subscribe

 

 

References and credits

To all the online sites and channels.

Pics Courtesy: Internet

Disclaimer:

Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.

 

 

References:-

  1. Al-Jabari, M., & Khalidi, R. (2025). Proxy Warfare in the Middle East: Iran, Yemen, and the Red Sea Crisis. Middle East Policy Council.
  2. Apps, P. (2025, June 27). From India-Pakistan to Iran and Ukraine, a new era of escalation. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com
  3. Binnendijk, H., & Gompert, D. C. (2024). The Future of Warfare: Hybrid Threats and the New Geopolitical Reality. RAND Corporation.
  4. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). (2025). The Future of Hybrid Warfare.
  5. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). (2025). Unmanned Systems and Swarm Tactics: Lessons from Ukraine and Beyond.
  6. European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS). (2025). Resource Competition and Geopolitical Flashpoints: Energy, Water, and Rare Earths.
  7. EY Global. (2024, December). Top 10 Geopolitical Risks in 2025: Geostrategic Outlook.
  8. Indian Ministry of Defence. (2025). Defence Modernisation Roadmap 2025-27: AI, Drones, and Theatre Commands. Government of India.
  9. IJCRT. (2025). Comparing Hybrid Warfare Strategies Inside The Ukraine Conflict.
  10. Kapur, S. P., & Ganguly, S. (2025). India-Pakistan Tensions in 2025: Escalation and Nuclear Risks. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  11. NATO Defence College. (2025). Hybrid Warfare and the Information Domain: Lessons from Ukraine. NDC Research Paper.
  12. Operation Sindoor demonstrates India’s indigenous defence technological strength. (2025). The Times of India.
  13. S&P Global. (2025, February). Top Geopolitical Risks of 2025. S&P Global Market Insights.
  14. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). (2025). SIPRI Yearbook 2025: Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security. Oxford University Press.
  15. UNIDIR. (2025, July). Artificial Intelligence in the Military Domain and Its Implications.
  16. Wellington Management. (2025, February). Geopolitics in 2025: Risks, Opportunities, and Deepening Uncertainties.
  17. India’s new warfare: Drones, data, and the defence race that can’t wait. (2025, June). Economic Times.
  18. Narratives Under Fire: Information Warfare Lessons from… (2025, July 31). Small Wars Journal.

Posted on

717: EVOLUTION OF INDIA’S DEFENCE PREPAREDNESS AND THE PATH TO TRUE SELF-RELIANCE

 

Presented my Paper at the Economic Times-sponsored “Aerospace and Defence Manufacturing Summit 2025”

on 06 Aug 25.

 

India’s defence preparedness has undergone a transformative journey, evolving from a reliance on imports to a robust push for indigenous development under the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative. This transformation, driven by strategic vision and policy reforms, has been exemplified by platforms like the Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA). However, achieving genuine self-reliance requires not just assembling equipment but building deep capabilities in design, systems integration, and advanced materials. This article explores India’s defence evolution, the role of indigenous platforms, and the critical building blocks, industrial strategies, collaborative ecosystems, technological leadership, and talent development needed to ensure sustained preparedness and global competitiveness.

 

Evolution of India’s Defence Preparedness

Post-Independence to 1990s: Heavy Import Reliance. In the decades following independence, India’s defence capabilities were heavily dependent on foreign suppliers, primarily the Soviet Union/Russia. Aircraft like the MiG-21, tanks such as the T-72, and submarines sourced from these partners ensured operational readiness. However, this reliance exposed vulnerabilities, including inconsistent supply chains for spares, limited technological autonomy, and exposure to geopolitical pressures. The lack of indigenous capabilities meant that India was often at the mercy of external suppliers, which impacted its long-term strategic flexibility.

 1990s to Early 2010s: Shift to Indigenous Development. The 1990s marked a pivotal shift toward self-reliance, with investments in research and development through organisations like the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL). Key programs, including the LCA Tejas, Arjun Main Battle Tank (MBT), Akash missile system, and INSAS rifle, were initiated to reduce import dependency. While these programs faced significant challenges—such as delays, cost overruns, and technological hurdles—they laid the foundation for indigenous defence manufacturing. The Tejas program, conceptualised in the 1980s, began to take shape as a symbol of India’s ambitions, despite early setbacks in development and production.

2015 Onwards: Strategic Autonomy and Aatmanirbhar Bharat. Since 2015, India’s defence strategy has aligned with the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative, emphasising indigenous design, development, and production. Programs like the Tejas Mk1A, Arjun Mk1A, Dhanush/ATAGS artillery, and Ballistic Missile Defence system reflect a maturing ecosystem. The government has actively promoted private sector and MSME participation, reducing import dependency from approximately 70% in the early 2000s to around 50% today. Policies such as Defence Corridors, the Strategic Partnership Model, and Positive Indigenisation Lists have incentivised local manufacturing. Additionally, the integration of emerging technologies—unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), artificial intelligence (AI), cyber defence, and space assets—has modernised India’s strategic doctrine to address both conventional and non-traditional threats.

Current Focus. India’s defence strategy now centers on creating an ecosystem for self-reliance, technological leadership, and rapid innovation. The focus is on building capabilities to counter evolving threats, including border tensions, cyber warfare, and space-based challenges. Indigenous platforms, such as the Tejas, coupled with policy reforms, are driving this transformation; however, gaps in production timelines, supply chain robustness, and the adoption of cutting-edge technology remain critical challenges.

 

Tejas and the Rise of Indigenous Platforms

The Tejas LCA, a 4.5-generation fighter, represents a cornerstone of India’s indigenous defence capabilities. Evolving from a 1980s concept to the advanced Tejas Mk1A, it incorporates cutting-edge avionics, the Uttam Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar, and modern weaponry. The Indian Air Force’s (IAF) commitment to procure 240 units underscores confidence in the platform. Tejas symbolises advancements in avionics, flight control systems, and composite materials, showcasing India’s growing expertise in aerospace engineering.

Beyond Tejas, other platforms highlight India’s progress:-

    • Arjun Tank. A domestically developed MBT with improved variants like the Arjun Mk1A.
    • Pinaka Rocket System. A multi-barrel rocket launcher enhances artillery capabilities.
    • Dhruv Helicopter. A versatile utility helicopter for diverse operational roles.
    • BrahMos and Akash Missiles. Precision strike and air defence systems with global recognition.
    • INS Vikrant. India’s first indigenous aircraft carrier is demonstrating naval engineering prowess.

The “Make in India” and Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiatives have bolstered these achievements by fostering local supply chains, private sector involvement, and export potential. However, challenges such as delayed production, supply chain vulnerabilities, and gaps in advanced systems integration persist, necessitating accelerated efforts to meet global standards.

 

Building Blocks for Deep Self-Reliance

Genuine self-reliance in defence requires more than assembling equipment; it demands mastery over design, systems integration, and advanced materials. The following building blocks are critical:-

    • R&D Investment. Increased funding for DRDO, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), and private-sector R&D is essential for developing technologies like stealth, AI, and hypersonics. Public-private partnerships can bridge the gap between laboratory research and battlefield deployment.
    • Advanced Materials Expertise. India must develop domestic capabilities in composites, titanium alloys, rare earths, and electronics. Investments in material science research and industrial-scale production facilities are crucial for reducing import reliance.
    • Systems Integration. Expertise in integrating complex systems—such as sensors, weapons, and communication networks—is vital. Collaboration between Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs), private firms, and global Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) can facilitate knowledge transfer.
    • IP and Design Ownership. Developing internationally recognised Indian technologies ensures design autonomy and reduces dependence on foreign intellectual property rights.
    • Robust Testing Infrastructure. Establishing state-of-the-art facilities for rapid validation of platforms will accelerate deployment and ensure reliability.
    • Innovation Ecosystem. Fostering startups and public-private partnerships in AI, avionics, and propulsion systems will drive innovation and competitiveness.
    • Skilled Workforce. Specialised training programs through academia-industry partnerships are essential to build a talent pool proficient in advanced defence technologies.
    • Policy and Vision. A long-term vision, consistent policy support, incentives, and export-oriented production are critical to sustaining self-reliance.

 

Scaling The Industry for Sustained Preparedness

Achieving scale in defence production involves more than numbers—it requires consistent supply chains, high-quality spares, and system-level readiness. Indian industry must take the following steps:

    • Robust Supply Chains. Develop tiered supplier networks with MSMEs to ensure component availability and redundancy. Localisation efforts can reduce import dependence.
    • Quality Assurance. Implement global-standard quality control systems, such as AS9100 certification, and establish robust audit mechanisms to ensure consistency and reliability.
    • Scalable Production. Invest in modular manufacturing facilities and automation to enable flexible scaling and production. Expanding production lines, such as HAL’s Tejas facility, is crucial to meeting volume demands.
    • Digital Integration. Adopt Industry 4.0 technologies, such as IoT, AI, and digital twins, for real-time supply chain management and predictive maintenance.
    • Public-Private Synergy. Encourage private players, such as Tata, L&T, and Mahindra, to co-invest with DPSUs in production infrastructure. Partnerships with the armed forces can align production with demand.
    • Strategic Partnerships. Form joint ventures with global leaders to facilitate technology transfer and process excellence, thereby enhancing production capabilities.
    • Government Support. Faster clearances, tax incentives, and long-term contracts are essential to sustain momentum. Clear targets for indigenous procurement under Make-in-India initiatives will drive accountability.

 

Collaborative Ecosystem for Innovation

Unlocking the innovation potential of India’s defence manufacturing sector requires a cohesive ecosystem involving DPSUs, private manufacturers, MSMEs, and startups. Key elements include:-

    • Collaborative Framework. Platforms like the Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) should be scaled to enable co-development and co-ownership of intellectual property.
    • Clear Role Demarcation. DPSUs should focus on strategic systems, private players on innovation, and MSMEs on specialised components to optimise contributions.
    • Innovation Hubs. Defence innovation clusters near industrial and academic centers (e.g., Bengaluru, Hyderabad) can drive R&D, prototyping, and testing.
    • Technology Transfer. Joint ventures with global OEMs can facilitate knowledge transfer while ensuring Indian firms retain critical expertise.
    • Policy Support. Simplified procurement processes, timely payments to MSMEs, and tax incentives for R&D will encourage participation. Defence corridors can streamline production.
    • Knowledge and Data Sharing. Secure platforms for sharing design and production data will enhance integration and collaboration, ultimately improving the overall workflow. Regular workshops and technology meets can foster collaboration.
    • Shared Infrastructure. Access to shared testing, certification, and validation facilities will reduce duplication and expedite time-to-market.
    • Open Innovation. Funding and mentoring startups and academia through open innovation challenges will drive breakthroughs.
    • Trust and Transparency. Transparent procurement policies and predictable orders will encourage private sector investment and risk-taking.

 

Leading in Cutting-Edge Technologies

 To remain future-ready, India must transition from adopting technologies to leading their development. This is particularly critical in aerospace and defence, where disruptive technologies such as AI, unmanned systems, hypersonics, quantum computing, and directed-energy weapons are reshaping warfare. Key strategies include:-

    • Leadership in Disruptive Technologies. Prioritise R&D in next-generation technologies and integrate them into programs like the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA).
    • Indigenous Capability Development. Develop standards and patents in semiconductors, encrypted communications, and radar for technological sovereignty.
    • Global Partnerships. Collaborate with allies like the US, Israel, and France for co-development while retaining IP rights.
    • Agile Procurement and Doctrine. Reform procurement to rapidly adopt emerging technologies, drawing inspiration from global models like DARPA. Adaptable doctrines will align with technological advancements.
    • Future-Proof Infrastructure. Develop testing and simulation facilities for emerging domains, such as space and cyber warfare.
    • Support for Deep-Tech Startups. Promote dual-use and export-oriented technologies through funding and mentorship.
    • Talent Retention. Attract and retain talent with competitive incentives and global exposure.
    • Continuous Feedback Loop. Close collaboration between defence forces and industry will ensure technological responses align with operational needs.
    • Strategic Foresight. Proactive investment and policy agility will position India as a technology leader by 2035.

 

Building a Robust Talent Pipeline

 A strong defence system requires skilled professionals—from aerospace engineers to machinists and systems designers. Building a robust talent pipeline involves:-

    • Curriculum Alignment. Universities, such as IITs and NITs, should offer specialised programs in aerospace, materials science, and emerging technologies, aligned with industry needs through partnerships with DRDO, HAL, and private firms.
    • Practical Training. Industry-led internships, apprenticeships, and on-the-job training in MSMEs and startups will bridge the gap between theory and practice, providing a valuable connection between academic knowledge and real-world applications.
    • Centres of Excellence. Academia-industry-government collaboration can establish defence-focused research and skills development centres to drive innovation and talent development.
    • Dedicated Skilling Institutes. Training centers under ITIs and the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) should focus on advanced manufacturing, CNC machining, 3D printing, and avionics.
    • Faculty and Trainer Upskilling. Regular programs will ensure educators stay updated with industry advancements.
    • Industry-Led Initiatives. Private firms and DPSUs should fund university research chairs and provide hands-on training to foster practical expertise.
    • Government Support. Scholarships, STEM programs, and grants will incentivise collaboration. A national mission to train 100,000 defence professionals by 2030 can drive scale.
    • Global Exposure. Exchange programs with leading international defence institutes will upskill talent.
    • Reskilling Workforce. Programs in advanced manufacturing, AI, and cybersecurity will keep the existing workforce relevant and up-to-date.
    • Tripartite Collaboration. A coordinated framework of academia, industry, and government will ensure a steady supply of world-class talent.

 

Conclusion

India’s defence preparedness has evolved significantly, from dependence on imports to a robust push for self-reliance, exemplified by platforms like the Tejas. Achieving genuine self-reliance requires deep capabilities in design, systems integration, and advanced materials, supported by scalable production, collaborative ecosystems, and technological leadership. A robust talent pipeline, driven by synergy among academia, industry, and government, is critical to sustaining this momentum. By addressing challenges in production timelines, supply chain robustness, and technology adoption, India can not only meet its defence needs but also emerge as a global leader in defence innovation by 2035.

 

 

Please Add Value to the write-up with your views on the subject.

1924
Default rating

Please give a thumbs up if you  like The Post?

 

For regular updates, please register your email here:-

Subscribe

 

 

References and credits

To all the online sites and channels.

Pics Courtesy: Internet

Disclaimer:

Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.

 

References:-

 

  1. Bitzinger, R. A. (2020). India’s Defence Industrial Base: Opportunities and Challenges. Rajaratnam School of International Studies.
  1. DRDO. (2023). Annual Report 2022-23. Defence Research and Development Organisation, Ministry of Defence, Government of India.
  1. Government of India. (2020). Aatmanirbhar Bharat: Self-Reliant India Mission. Ministry of Defence, Government of India.
  1. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. (2024). Tejas Light Combat Aircraft: Technical Specifications and Development Timeline. HAL Official Website.
  1. Ministry of Defence. (2022). Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy (DPEPP) 2020. Government of India.
  1. Mishra, A. (2021). India’s Defence Manufacturing: The Road to Self-Reliance. Observer Research Foundation.
  1. Pant, H. V., & Bommakanti, K. (2022). India’s National Security: Emerging Challenges and Opportunities. Routledge India.
  1. Press Information Bureau. (2023). Aatmanirbhar Bharat in Defence: Achievements and Roadmap. Ministry of Defence, Government of India.
  1. Singh, A. (2019). India’s Defence Modernisation: Challenges and Prospects. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses.
  1. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). (2024). Trends in Global Arms Transfers, 2023. SIPRI Database.
Posted on

698: THE ISTAR TO REDEFINE STRATEGIC SURVEILLANCE FOR THE INDIAN AIR FORCE

 

My article was published on “The EurasianTimes” website

on 06 Jul 25.

 

The Indian Air Force (IAF) is set to significantly enhance its surveillance and precision strike capabilities with the procurement of three Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition, and Reconnaissance (ISTAR) aircraft under a project worth Rs 10,000 crore. The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), chaired by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, granted the “Acceptance of Necessity” (AoN) for this initiative on July 3, 2025, as part of a broader Rs 1.05 lakh crore defence modernisation package.

These advanced platforms integrate cutting-edge sensors, communication systems, and artificial intelligence to deliver real-time intelligence, enabling precise battlefield surveillance and strike coordination.  The IAF aims to induct three state-of-the-art ISTAR aircraft, blending global aviation platforms with indigenous sensor technology developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). The induction would position India among a select group of nations with elite air-to-ground surveillance capabilities.

Understanding ISTAR: A New Class of Airborne Intelligence. ISTAR is not a single system, but an integrated suite of advanced sensors and processing systems mounted on a long-range, high-endurance aircraft. It combines multiple intelligence disciplines, electro-optical, radar, signals intelligence (SIGINT), and electronic intelligence (ELINT), to provide commanders with a comprehensive battlefield picture. Unlike conventional reconnaissance or surveillance aircraft, ISTAR systems go beyond just collecting data. They analyse and fuse it in real-time using AI and advanced analytics, enabling actionable intelligence to be delivered to frontline units and command centers with speed and precision.

 

The Strategic Imperative for ISTAR

In the rapidly evolving landscape of modern warfare, information superiority is a critical determinant of success. ISTAR aircraft serve as force multipliers by providing real-time intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance capabilities. Equipped with advanced sensors, these platforms offer commanders actionable data, enabling precise decision-making in complex battle environments. For the IAF, operating in a volatile geopolitical region marked by ongoing tensions, ISTAR aircraft are indispensable for monitoring enemy movements, tracking high-value targets, and coordinating precision strikes from stand-off ranges.

The urgency for such capabilities was underscored by pivotal events, including the 2019 Balakot airstrike, which highlighted the need for enhanced situational awareness, and the 2020 Chinese aggression along the Line of Actual Control, which exposed gaps in real-time battlefield intelligence. The ISTAR program aligns with India’s broader strategic objectives, including the “Make in India” initiative, which emphasises self-reliance in defence technology. By integrating indigenous sensor systems with globally sourced aircraft platforms, the IAF aims to bolster its operational effectiveness while fostering domestic innovation, positioning India as a formidable player in military aviation.

 

ISTAR Program

The forthcoming ISTAR project, valued at Rs 10,000 crore, involves acquiring three aircraft from global aviation manufacturers, likely Boeing or Bombardier, which will be fitted with indigenous sensor and electronic systems developed by DRDO’s Centre for Airborne Systems (CABS). These systems, already tested for efficacy, represent a significant leap in India’s defence technology capabilities. The following are relevant aspects of the ISTAR program.

Operational Parameters. The aircraft will operate at a minimum ceiling of 40,000 feet with an endurance of at least eight hours, ensuring sustained surveillance over vast areas. This high-altitude capability allows the platforms to maintain a broad operational footprint.

Sensor Suite. The aircraft will feature:-

    • Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) with a range of ≥200 km, enabling high-resolution imaging of ground targets, even through cloud cover or darkness.
    • Ground-Moving Target Indicator (GMTI) with a range of ≥150 km, capable of detecting and tracking moving objects on the battlefield.
    • Electro-Optical/Infrared (EO/IR) Sensors for day/night operations in complex terrains, providing visual and thermal imaging for target identification.
    • Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AI/ML) algorithms for image intelligence, automatic target recognition, and change detection, enhancing the speed and accuracy of data analysis.

Communication Systems. The platforms will be equipped with high-data-rate line-of-sight (LOS) and satellite communication (SATCOM) links, facilitating seamless data sharing with other assets, including satellites, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and ground-based command centres. This connectivity is critical for integration with the IAF’s Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS), enabling real-time coordination across multiple domains.

Ground Segment. The program includes two fixed and four transportable ground exploitation systems for processing and disseminating data, ensuring actionable intelligence reaches commanders swiftly.

Platform. The aircraft are likely to be based on modified commercial jets, such as the Bombardier Global Express or Airbus A319, tailored for military applications. These platforms offer a balance of range, endurance, and payload capacity, making them ideal for ISTAR missions.

The IAF expects delivery within 60 months (five years) from contract signing, with DRDO’s prior testing of sensor systems expediting integration. A 1:32 scale model of the indigenous ISTAR platform, based on a pre-owned Airbus A319, was showcased at Aero India 2023, underscoring India’s commitment to blending global and domestic technologies.

 

Strategic Significance

The ISTAR aircraft will revolutionise the IAF’s approach to network-centric warfare, enabling real-time, multi-faceted intelligence that enhances precision and reduces collateral damage. By integrating with the IACCS, these platforms will create a cohesive operational picture, coordinating assets across air, ground, and space domains. This capability is particularly critical in India’s regional context, where operations like Operation Sindoor against Pakistan require rapid, calibrated responses without breaching hostile airspace.

Globally, the ISTAR program would position India among an elite group of nations, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Israel, with advanced air-to-ground surveillance capabilities. The platforms will enhance India’s deterrence posture, providing the ability to monitor and neutralise threats with unparalleled accuracy. The emphasis on indigenous sensor development also aligns with India’s self-reliance goals, reducing dependence on foreign suppliers and positioning the country as a potential exporter of defence technology.

 

Challenges

Despite its promise, the ISTAR program faces several challenges. Addressing these challenges will be critical to ensuring the program’s success and operational readiness by 2030.

Vulnerability. ISTAR platforms are high-value targets for adversaries. For instance, Indo-Russian BrahMos missile variants are being developed to counter similar enemy platforms, highlighting the need for robust defensive measures, such as electronic countermeasures and stealth features.

Procurement Delays. Past delays due to bureaucratic hurdles and disagreements between the DRDO and the IAF underscore the importance of streamlined processes. The ongoing global tendering for aircraft platforms requires careful vendor selection to ensure compatibility with DRDO systems.

Integration Complexity. Seamlessly integrating indigenous sensors with global platforms demands rigorous testing and validation to avoid operational bottlenecks.

Cybersecurity. The reliance on real-time data sharing necessitates robust cybersecurity protocols to protect against hacking and data breaches.

Human Capital. Operating and maintaining ISTAR systems requires a cadre of highly trained analysts, technicians, and mission planners.

 

Conclusion

The IAF’s ISTAR aircraft program represents a bold step toward redefining India’s military capabilities in the 21st century. By combining advanced global platforms with cutting-edge indigenous technology, the program addresses urgent operational needs while advancing India’s self-reliance in defence. Expected to be operational by 2030, the three ISTAR aircraft are expected to provide the IAF with unmatched surveillance and strike coordination capabilities, positioning India among an elite group of nations with advanced ISTAR systems. Despite challenges, including procurement delays and platform vulnerabilities, the program’s strategic importance cannot be overstated. As India navigates a complex security landscape, the ISTAR aircraft will serve as a linchpin of its network-centric warfare strategy, ensuring operational superiority and reinforcing its stature as a global military power.

 

Please Add Value to the write-up with your views on the subject.

 

1924
Default rating

Please give a thumbs up if you  like The Post?

 

For regular updates, please register your email here:-

Subscribe

 

 

References and credits

To all the online sites and channels.

Pics Courtesy: Internet

Disclaimer:

Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.

 

 

References: –

  1. Press Trust of India. (2025, June). “IAF’s ISTAR Aircraft Acquisition Gets Nod, Rs 10,000 Crore Project to Boost Surveillance.” The Times of India.
  1. Singh, R., & Sharma, A. (2023). “Aero India 2023: DRDO Showcases Indigenous ISTAR Model.” Defence News India.
  1. Kumar, V. (2024). “India’s Push for Network-Centric Warfare: The Role of ISTAR.” Strategic Analysis Journal, 48(3), 215–230.
  1. Ministry of Defence, Government of India. (2025). Annual Report 2024–25. New Delhi: MoD Publications
  1. Gupta, S. (2021). “Lessons from Balakot: The Need for Advanced Surveillance Platforms.” Indian Defence Review, 36(4), 45–52.
  1. DRDO Newsletter. (2024, August). “CABS Advances Indigenous Sensor Suite for ISTAR Aircraft.” DRDO Publications.
  1. Jane’s Defence Weekly. (2023). “India’s ISTAR Program: Balancing Global Procurement and Indigenous Innovation.”
  1. Bharat Rakshak. (2022). “Evolution of India’s Airborne Surveillance Capabilities.”
  1. Business Today. (2025). Rare global league: ₹10,000 crore I-STAR project to put India in elite club of airborne battlefield intel.
  1. India Defence Analysis. (2024). DRDO’s SCA/ISTAR Aircraft Plans for Indian Air Force.
  1. GlobalSecurity.org. (n.d.). ISTAR – Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance.
English हिंदी