Presented my Paper at the Economic Times-sponsored “Aerospace and Defence Manufacturing Summit 2025”
on 06 Aug 25.
India’s defence preparedness has undergone a transformative journey, evolving from a reliance on imports to a robust push for indigenous development under the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative. This transformation, driven by strategic vision and policy reforms, has been exemplified by platforms like the Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA). However, achieving genuine self-reliance requires not just assembling equipment but building deep capabilities in design, systems integration, and advanced materials. This article explores India’s defence evolution, the role of indigenous platforms, and the critical building blocks, industrial strategies, collaborative ecosystems, technological leadership, and talent development needed to ensure sustained preparedness and global competitiveness.
Evolution of India’s Defence Preparedness
Post-Independence to 1990s: Heavy Import Reliance. In the decades following independence, India’s defence capabilities were heavily dependent on foreign suppliers, primarily the Soviet Union/Russia. Aircraft like the MiG-21, tanks such as the T-72, and submarines sourced from these partners ensured operational readiness. However, this reliance exposed vulnerabilities, including inconsistent supply chains for spares, limited technological autonomy, and exposure to geopolitical pressures. The lack of indigenous capabilities meant that India was often at the mercy of external suppliers, which impacted its long-term strategic flexibility.
1990s to Early 2010s: Shift to Indigenous Development. The 1990s marked a pivotal shift toward self-reliance, with investments in research and development through organisations like the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL). Key programs, including the LCA Tejas, Arjun Main Battle Tank (MBT), Akash missile system, and INSAS rifle, were initiated to reduce import dependency. While these programs faced significant challenges—such as delays, cost overruns, and technological hurdles—they laid the foundation for indigenous defence manufacturing. The Tejas program, conceptualised in the 1980s, began to take shape as a symbol of India’s ambitions, despite early setbacks in development and production.
2015 Onwards: Strategic Autonomy and Aatmanirbhar Bharat. Since 2015, India’s defence strategy has aligned with the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative, emphasising indigenous design, development, and production. Programs like the Tejas Mk1A, Arjun Mk1A, Dhanush/ATAGS artillery, and Ballistic Missile Defence system reflect a maturing ecosystem. The government has actively promoted private sector and MSME participation, reducing import dependency from approximately 70% in the early 2000s to around 50% today. Policies such as Defence Corridors, the Strategic Partnership Model, and Positive Indigenisation Lists have incentivised local manufacturing. Additionally, the integration of emerging technologies—unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), artificial intelligence (AI), cyber defence, and space assets—has modernised India’s strategic doctrine to address both conventional and non-traditional threats.
Current Focus. India’s defence strategy now centers on creating an ecosystem for self-reliance, technological leadership, and rapid innovation. The focus is on building capabilities to counter evolving threats, including border tensions, cyber warfare, and space-based challenges. Indigenous platforms, such as the Tejas, coupled with policy reforms, are driving this transformation; however, gaps in production timelines, supply chain robustness, and the adoption of cutting-edge technology remain critical challenges.
Tejas and the Rise of Indigenous Platforms
The Tejas LCA, a 4.5-generation fighter, represents a cornerstone of India’s indigenous defence capabilities. Evolving from a 1980s concept to the advanced Tejas Mk1A, it incorporates cutting-edge avionics, the Uttam Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar, and modern weaponry. The Indian Air Force’s (IAF) commitment to procure 240 units underscores confidence in the platform. Tejas symbolises advancements in avionics, flight control systems, and composite materials, showcasing India’s growing expertise in aerospace engineering.
Beyond Tejas, other platforms highlight India’s progress:-
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- Arjun Tank. A domestically developed MBT with improved variants like the Arjun Mk1A.
- Pinaka Rocket System. A multi-barrel rocket launcher enhances artillery capabilities.
- Dhruv Helicopter. A versatile utility helicopter for diverse operational roles.
- BrahMos and Akash Missiles. Precision strike and air defence systems with global recognition.
- INS Vikrant. India’s first indigenous aircraft carrier is demonstrating naval engineering prowess.
The “Make in India” and Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiatives have bolstered these achievements by fostering local supply chains, private sector involvement, and export potential. However, challenges such as delayed production, supply chain vulnerabilities, and gaps in advanced systems integration persist, necessitating accelerated efforts to meet global standards.
Building Blocks for Deep Self-Reliance
Genuine self-reliance in defence requires more than assembling equipment; it demands mastery over design, systems integration, and advanced materials. The following building blocks are critical:-
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- R&D Investment. Increased funding for DRDO, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), and private-sector R&D is essential for developing technologies like stealth, AI, and hypersonics. Public-private partnerships can bridge the gap between laboratory research and battlefield deployment.
- Advanced Materials Expertise. India must develop domestic capabilities in composites, titanium alloys, rare earths, and electronics. Investments in material science research and industrial-scale production facilities are crucial for reducing import reliance.
- Systems Integration. Expertise in integrating complex systems—such as sensors, weapons, and communication networks—is vital. Collaboration between Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs), private firms, and global Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) can facilitate knowledge transfer.
- IP and Design Ownership. Developing internationally recognised Indian technologies ensures design autonomy and reduces dependence on foreign intellectual property rights.
- Robust Testing Infrastructure. Establishing state-of-the-art facilities for rapid validation of platforms will accelerate deployment and ensure reliability.
- Innovation Ecosystem. Fostering startups and public-private partnerships in AI, avionics, and propulsion systems will drive innovation and competitiveness.
- Skilled Workforce. Specialised training programs through academia-industry partnerships are essential to build a talent pool proficient in advanced defence technologies.
- Policy and Vision. A long-term vision, consistent policy support, incentives, and export-oriented production are critical to sustaining self-reliance.
Scaling The Industry for Sustained Preparedness
Achieving scale in defence production involves more than numbers—it requires consistent supply chains, high-quality spares, and system-level readiness. Indian industry must take the following steps:
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- Robust Supply Chains. Develop tiered supplier networks with MSMEs to ensure component availability and redundancy. Localisation efforts can reduce import dependence.
- Quality Assurance. Implement global-standard quality control systems, such as AS9100 certification, and establish robust audit mechanisms to ensure consistency and reliability.
- Scalable Production. Invest in modular manufacturing facilities and automation to enable flexible scaling and production. Expanding production lines, such as HAL’s Tejas facility, is crucial to meeting volume demands.
- Digital Integration. Adopt Industry 4.0 technologies, such as IoT, AI, and digital twins, for real-time supply chain management and predictive maintenance.
- Public-Private Synergy. Encourage private players, such as Tata, L&T, and Mahindra, to co-invest with DPSUs in production infrastructure. Partnerships with the armed forces can align production with demand.
- Strategic Partnerships. Form joint ventures with global leaders to facilitate technology transfer and process excellence, thereby enhancing production capabilities.
- Government Support. Faster clearances, tax incentives, and long-term contracts are essential to sustain momentum. Clear targets for indigenous procurement under Make-in-India initiatives will drive accountability.
Collaborative Ecosystem for Innovation
Unlocking the innovation potential of India’s defence manufacturing sector requires a cohesive ecosystem involving DPSUs, private manufacturers, MSMEs, and startups. Key elements include:-
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- Collaborative Framework. Platforms like the Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) should be scaled to enable co-development and co-ownership of intellectual property.
- Clear Role Demarcation. DPSUs should focus on strategic systems, private players on innovation, and MSMEs on specialised components to optimise contributions.
- Innovation Hubs. Defence innovation clusters near industrial and academic centers (e.g., Bengaluru, Hyderabad) can drive R&D, prototyping, and testing.
- Technology Transfer. Joint ventures with global OEMs can facilitate knowledge transfer while ensuring Indian firms retain critical expertise.
- Policy Support. Simplified procurement processes, timely payments to MSMEs, and tax incentives for R&D will encourage participation. Defence corridors can streamline production.
- Knowledge and Data Sharing. Secure platforms for sharing design and production data will enhance integration and collaboration, ultimately improving the overall workflow. Regular workshops and technology meets can foster collaboration.
- Shared Infrastructure. Access to shared testing, certification, and validation facilities will reduce duplication and expedite time-to-market.
- Open Innovation. Funding and mentoring startups and academia through open innovation challenges will drive breakthroughs.
- Trust and Transparency. Transparent procurement policies and predictable orders will encourage private sector investment and risk-taking.
Leading in Cutting-Edge Technologies
To remain future-ready, India must transition from adopting technologies to leading their development. This is particularly critical in aerospace and defence, where disruptive technologies such as AI, unmanned systems, hypersonics, quantum computing, and directed-energy weapons are reshaping warfare. Key strategies include:-
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- Leadership in Disruptive Technologies. Prioritise R&D in next-generation technologies and integrate them into programs like the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA).
- Indigenous Capability Development. Develop standards and patents in semiconductors, encrypted communications, and radar for technological sovereignty.
- Global Partnerships. Collaborate with allies like the US, Israel, and France for co-development while retaining IP rights.
- Agile Procurement and Doctrine. Reform procurement to rapidly adopt emerging technologies, drawing inspiration from global models like DARPA. Adaptable doctrines will align with technological advancements.
- Future-Proof Infrastructure. Develop testing and simulation facilities for emerging domains, such as space and cyber warfare.
- Support for Deep-Tech Startups. Promote dual-use and export-oriented technologies through funding and mentorship.
- Talent Retention. Attract and retain talent with competitive incentives and global exposure.
- Continuous Feedback Loop. Close collaboration between defence forces and industry will ensure technological responses align with operational needs.
- Strategic Foresight. Proactive investment and policy agility will position India as a technology leader by 2035.
Building a Robust Talent Pipeline
A strong defence system requires skilled professionals—from aerospace engineers to machinists and systems designers. Building a robust talent pipeline involves:-
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- Curriculum Alignment. Universities, such as IITs and NITs, should offer specialised programs in aerospace, materials science, and emerging technologies, aligned with industry needs through partnerships with DRDO, HAL, and private firms.
- Practical Training. Industry-led internships, apprenticeships, and on-the-job training in MSMEs and startups will bridge the gap between theory and practice, providing a valuable connection between academic knowledge and real-world applications.
- Centres of Excellence. Academia-industry-government collaboration can establish defence-focused research and skills development centres to drive innovation and talent development.
- Dedicated Skilling Institutes. Training centers under ITIs and the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) should focus on advanced manufacturing, CNC machining, 3D printing, and avionics.
- Faculty and Trainer Upskilling. Regular programs will ensure educators stay updated with industry advancements.
- Industry-Led Initiatives. Private firms and DPSUs should fund university research chairs and provide hands-on training to foster practical expertise.
- Government Support. Scholarships, STEM programs, and grants will incentivise collaboration. A national mission to train 100,000 defence professionals by 2030 can drive scale.
- Global Exposure. Exchange programs with leading international defence institutes will upskill talent.
- Reskilling Workforce. Programs in advanced manufacturing, AI, and cybersecurity will keep the existing workforce relevant and up-to-date.
- Tripartite Collaboration. A coordinated framework of academia, industry, and government will ensure a steady supply of world-class talent.
Conclusion
India’s defence preparedness has evolved significantly, from dependence on imports to a robust push for self-reliance, exemplified by platforms like the Tejas. Achieving genuine self-reliance requires deep capabilities in design, systems integration, and advanced materials, supported by scalable production, collaborative ecosystems, and technological leadership. A robust talent pipeline, driven by synergy among academia, industry, and government, is critical to sustaining this momentum. By addressing challenges in production timelines, supply chain robustness, and technology adoption, India can not only meet its defence needs but also emerge as a global leader in defence innovation by 2035.
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Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.
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