directed energy weapons – Air Marshal's Perspective

December 7, 2025

774:INTEGRATION OF DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPONS ONTO MILITARY PLATFORMS

Article published in the CLAWS Yearbook 2025.

Directed Energy Weapons (DEWs), including high-energy lasers (HELs), high-power microwaves (HPMs), and particle beams, represent a transformative leap in military technology. Offering precision, speed, and cost-effectiveness compared to kinetic systems, DEWs engage targets at the speed of light with minimal collateral damage. As global militaries face evolving threats like drone swarms and hypersonic missiles, the strategic importance of integrating DEWs into naval, ground, air, and space platforms cannot be overstated. This article explores DEW integration’s technical, operational, strategic, and ethical dimensions, drawing on recent advancements and addressing challenges, global programs, and future implications.

Directed Energy Weapons: Technical Fundamentals. DEWs emit focused energy, such as lasers, microwaves, or particle beams, to damage or disable enemy equipment, personnel, or facilities. Unlike conventional weapons, DEWs require no projectiles and engage targets at the speed of light. High-energy lasers focus photons to deliver thermal energy to burn through materials or disable sensors. High-power microwaves disrupt electronic circuits and communications by inducing currents in circuits. Though less developed, particle beams accelerate charged particles to damage targets at the molecular level. These systems are valuable against fast, low-cost, or swarm threats like drones, rockets, and small boats.[i]

Strategic Imperatives: DEW Integration. The rise of asymmetric threats—drone swarms, hypersonic missiles, and low-cost unmanned systems—drives DEW adoption. Traditional kinetic interceptors are often too slow or costly to counter these threats effectively. DEWs provide a layered defence, complementing kinetic systems to enhance resilience and flexibility. For example, lasers can neutralise drones while missiles engage larger threats, optimising resource allocation. Additionally, DEWs enhance deterrence by offering rapid, precise responses, reducing logistical burdens in sustained conflicts.

Technical Challenges of Integration. Integrating DEWs into platforms designed for kinetic munitions presents significant hurdles. These challenges vary by platform but share common themes, addressed through innovations like solid-state lasers, modular power kits, and AI-driven targeting.

- Power and Thermal Management. The primary technical challenge is power generation. DEWs demand significant electrical energy, often in tens to hundreds of kilowatts for lasers and megawatts for microwaves, far beyond what existing vehicles or vessels were designed to provide. For instance, a 100 kW-class laser needs power and cooling infrastructure that challenges small air or ground platform integration.[ii] The platforms must have upgraded power generation systems, thermal management modules, hybrid power units or capacitor-based energy storage.

- Beam Control and Targeting. Precision targeting is crucial for DEWs to be effective. Beam control is another critical factor. DEWs must maintain precision across long distances, compensating for atmospheric distortion, vibration, and platform movement. Atmospheric disturbances (for lasers) or electromagnetic interference (for HPMs) can degrade performance. Beam control systems must adapt dynamically, especially on mobile platforms or in contested electromagnetic environments.[iii] Advanced fire control radars, electro-optical/infrared sensors, and machine learning-based tracking algorithms are being developed to enhance the targeting and engagement cycles.

- Size, Weight and Vibration Constraints. Airborne platforms present special problems due to vibration and limited space. Aircraft like fighter jets or UAVs must host compact DEW systems that can function reliably under dynamic conditions.

Platform Integration.

Integration into Naval Platforms. Naval vessels, such as destroyers and aircraft carriers, are prime candidates for DEW integration due to their robust power generation and deck space. Lasers enhance defence against anti-ship missiles, small boats, and drones, offering near-infinite shots compared to finite missile magazines. The U.S. Navy’s High Energy Laser with Integrated Optical-Dazzler and Surveillance (HELIOS, 60 kW) on destroyers exemplifies this, countering aerial and surface threats. India is exploring laser systems for warships to secure the Indian Ocean trade corridor. Challenges include retrofitting electrical grids, managing heat dissipation, and ensuring compact designs for smaller vessels.

Integration into Ground Platforms. On land, DEWs counter drones and loitering munitions, critical in asymmetric warfare seen in conflicts like Ukraine. The U.S. Army’s Directed Energy-Manoeuvre Short-Range Air Defence (DE-MSHORAD) mounts 50 kW lasers on Stryker vehicles, while India’s Mk-II(A) 30 kW laser, tested in April 2025, neutralised drone swarms at 5 km. Integration requires compatibility with networked systems, ruggedised optics for dust or extreme temperatures, and modular power solutions to maintain mobility.

Integration into Air Platforms. Airborne DEWs, designed for fighter jets or UAVs, counter incoming missiles at standoff distances. The U.S. Air Force’s Self-Protect High Energy Laser Demonstrator (SHiELD) equips jets with laser pods, while India envisions lasers on aircraft to counter regional missile threats. Challenges include limited onboard power (e.g., F-35’s 400 kW engine splits power across systems), heat dissipation without drag, and beam stability amid turbulence. With solar or hybrid power, UAVs may become ideal DEW platforms for long-endurance missions.

Integration into Space Platforms. Space-based DEWs, still nascent, hold potential for missile defence and satellite protection. Lasers could disable enemy satellites or intercept ballistic missiles during the boost phase. The U.S. Space Force explores megawatt-class Space-Based Lasers (SBL) powered by solar arrays. India’s satellite-mounted laser concepts aim to safeguard space assets. Challenges include power generation in compact designs, radiative cooling in vacuums, and targeting across long ranges. Legal concerns under the Outer Space Treaty, which prohibits weapons of mass destruction, limit deployment, though non-lethal applications like sensor dazzling may be permitted.[iv]

Global DEW Projects

Numerous countries are researching and developing these weapons, each with unique projects and strategic goals.[v] DEW development is a global race, with key players advancing unique projects:

United States. The US is a leader in DEW development. Besides Leonidas, the Department of Defence (DOD) and agencies like DARPA, the Air Force Research Laboratory, and the Naval Research Laboratory are researching DEWs to counter ballistic missiles and hypersonic cruise missiles. The U.S. Navy has been a frontrunner in DEW integration. The Laser Weapon System (LaWS) was deployed on the USS Ponce in 2014.[vi] Subsequently, the U.S. Navy’s High Energy Laser with Integrated Optical Dazzler and Surveillance (HELIOS) system was tested on the USS Preble in 2022. Its integration into the Aegis Combat System demonstrates the feasibility of combining DEWs with existing sensor suites.[vii] The U.S. Army’s Directed Energy-Manoeuvre Short-Range Air Defence (DE-MSHORAD) program aims to mount 50-kilowatt lasers on Stryker vehicles, but integration requires overcoming power and weight limitations.[viii] The US Army is exploring modular power kits, which combine batteries and compact turbines, to meet DEW demands without sacrificing mobility. The U.S. Air Force’s Airborne High Energy Laser (AHEL) program seeks to equip platforms like the AC-130 gunship and F-35 fighter with lasers for precision strikes and missile defence. Tests in 2024 showed progress, with a 20-kilowatt laser successfully integrated onto a testbed aircraft.[ix] For special operations, lasers on AC-130s could provide silent, precise strikes, reducing reliance on munitions.[x]

China. China is making rapid strides in DEW development, focusing on high-energy lasers and microwave systems. State media and manufacturers have released images of handheld and vehicle-mounted laser systems, including the LW-30, a 30kW road-mobile high-energy laser (HEL). Their efforts extend to counter-space applications, with ground-based DEWs potentially targeting satellites. China’s military also solicits would-be suppliers for a new airborne laser weapon. Airborne laser pods are expected to be mounted on Chinese warplanes such as the Shenyang J-15 “Flying Shark” carrier-based fighter.

Russia. Russia has been developing DEWs for decades, with the Peresvet laser weapon system entering experimental combat duty in 2018 and claiming operational use during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine. A more advanced version, “Zadira,” can incinerate targets up to three miles away within five seconds. Russia is also working on EMP cannons and microwave guns for anti-drone applications.

Ukraine. [xi]Ukraine has unveiled a new laser weapon called “Tryzub” (Ukrainian for “trident”), which can shoot down aircraft over a mile away. During a defence conference, Colonel Vadym Sukharevskyi, Ukraine’s Unmanned Systems Forces commander, announced the weapon’s capabilities.

United Kingdom. The UK’s Ministry of Defence (MOD) is investing heavily in DEWs, with projects like DragonFire, a laser-directed energy weapon (LDEW) that achieved its first high-power firing against aerial targets in January 2024 at the Hebrides Range. DragonFire is expected to be deployable by 2027. Additionally, the Radio Frequency Directed Energy Weapon (RFDEW) is nearing service by 2026, focusing on countering unmanned systems.

France and Germany. France and Germany are key players in European DEW development, often through multinational collaborations. France is involved in projects like the TALOS-TWO, involving 21 partners across eight EU nations. Germany is focusing on integrating DEWs into defence platforms. These efforts aim for operational deployment by 2030, emphasising cost-effective counter-drone and missile defence systems.

Israel. Israel is advancing the Iron Beam laser-based DEW, designed to complement its Iron Dome system. A contract signed in October 2024 for operational service within a year reflects its cost-effectiveness. The US has allocated $1.2 billion for Iron Beam procurement.

Iran and Turkey. Iran and Turkey claim DEWs in active service, adding controversy to global assessments. Iran has announced developments in laser air defence systems, while Turkey claims the ALKA DEW was used in combat in Libya in 2019. However, specifics and verification are scarce, with claims often met with scepticism due to limited transparency.

South Korea, Japan, and Australia. South Korea and Japan possess advanced technological capabilities, with South Korea developing laser-based systems for counter-drone applications, though not as prominently as major powers. Japan emphasises nuclear and space technologies, featuring limited public DEW projects. Australia is also investing in DEW technology, particularly for countering drones, which was highlighted by a £13 million deal with QinetiQ for a prototype defensive laser.

India’s DEW Programs.

India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is actively pursuing DEWs, with projects like the Directionally Unrestricted Ray-Gun Array (DURGA II), a 100-kilowatt lightweight DEW set for integration with land, sea, and air platforms. Other initiatives include the KALI (Kilo Ampere Linear Injector), a particle accelerator and a 1 kW laser weapon for counter-IED operations, with plans for 25 kW and 100 kW systems.

DURGA Program. [xii]The DURGA initiative, spearheaded by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), is dedicated to creating laser-based directed energy weapons (DEWs) to bolster India’s multi-tiered defence framework. This program focuses on developing laser systems to intercept and neutralise enemy missiles at various flight phases, enhancing India’s Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) capabilities. Additionally, it aims to counter unmanned aerial systems (UAS) by deploying tactical laser weapons to disable drones threatening critical infrastructure and military assets. These weapons are designed for integration across land, air, and sea platforms, providing operational versatility in diverse environments. Public reports indicate that prototype laser-based DEWs under the DURGA program are currently being tested, with power levels ranging from 10 to 100 kilowatts, suitable for tactical and strategic purposes.

KALI Program. [xiii]Initially launched by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) with DRDO support, the KALI program began as a research effort into high-energy particle acceleration but has since evolved into a defence project focused on electronic warfare and non-lethal weaponry. The KALI system produces powerful electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) to disable enemy electronic systems, including radar, communication, and missile guidance systems. It also explores particle beam technology to neutralise targets without explosives, with potential applications such as disabling enemy satellites. The system’s scalability allows it to be used in both tactical operations and strategic deterrence, enabling non-lethal incapacitation of enemy equipment while preserving physical structures.

On April 13, 2025, [xiv] India successfully tested its first high-energy laser weapon, the Mk-II(A) Laser-Directed Energy Weapon (DEW), at the National Open Air Range in Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh. Developed by DRDO, this 30-kilowatt laser system demonstrated precise neutralisation of fixed-wing aircraft, drone swarms, and surveillance sensors at ranges up to 5 kilometers. Operating at the speed of light, the laser causes structural damage or destroys warheads, offering a cost-effective alternative to conventional munitions with minimal collateral impact. This achievement positions India alongside nations like the US, China, and Russia in advanced laser weaponry. DRDO aims to deploy the land-based system within two years, with plans for enhanced versions offering greater range and integration on ships, aircraft, and satellites. A 300-kilowatt “Surya” laser, capable of targeting high-speed missiles and drones up to 20 kilometers away, is also in development.

Strategic Operational and Doctrinal Implications

Integrating DEWs is a technical and doctrinal challenge that will reshape operational doctrines and force structures. Military planners must consider new rules of engagement, escalation risks, and interoperability with allied forces. Doctrinally, militaries are evolving from a kinetic-dominant mindset to one in which DEWs play complementary and sometimes primary roles, especially in contested and electronically dense environments.

Their low cost per shot and scalability enable sustained engagements, reducing logistical burdens. DEWs also enhance deterrence by providing rapid, precise responses to emerging threats like hypersonic missiles. However, DEWs introduce strategic risks. Adversaries may develop countermeasures, such as reflective coatings or electronic hardening, reducing their effectiveness. Proliferation of DEW technology could also destabilise conflicts, as non-state actors gain access to low-cost, high-impact weapons.[xv]

Operationally, DEWs require new training and tactics. Operators must understand beam propagation, power management, energy thresholds, atmospheric effects, engagement timelines and protocols, which differ from kinetic systems.

Moreover, AI and autonomous systems are increasingly paired with DEWs to handle target acquisition and prioritisation in real-time, particularly in drone swarm scenarios. Cybersecurity is also critical, as DEWs rely on networked sensors and software, making them vulnerable to hacking or electronic warfare.[xvi]

DEWs, especially dazzlers and HPMs, exist in a grey area of international law. The Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons (Protocol IV) of the UN’s Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) prohibits lasers specifically designed to cause permanent blindness.[xvii] However, systems designed for sensor blinding or equipment disablement are permitted.

Future of DEW-Enabled Battlefield

Future advancements will focus on scaling power output, improving efficiency, and reducing size. Solid-state lasers, which are more compact than chemical lasers, are driving this trend. Research into hybrid DEW-kinetic systems, where lasers complement missiles, could bridge capability gaps. Artificial intelligence will also play a role in optimising beam control and target prioritisation in complex environments. Looking ahead, several trends will define the future of DEW integration:

- Hybrid Platforms. Future platforms will likely feature integrated DEW and kinetic options, with AI-driven decision-support systems guiding engagement choices.

- Miniaturisation and Modularity. Advances in solid-state lasers, cooling, and power systems will allow smaller, modular DEW units suitable for a broader array of platforms.

- Network-Centric Operations. DEWs will be part of larger sensor-to-shooter networks, leveraging battlefield data to optimise energy weapon use in multi-domain operations.

- Export and Proliferation Risks. As DEW technologies become more widely available, concerns about proliferation and their use by non-state actors or rogue states will increase, requiring robust export control and countermeasure policies.

Conclusion

Directed Energy Weapons mark a paradigm shift in warfare, offering precision, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. Their integration on military platforms (naval, ground, air, and space) poses unique challenges. India should focus on incorporating Directed Energy Weapons (DEWs) into its military systems to strengthen its defence capabilities. This involves expediting the deployment of DURGA II (100 kW) across naval, air, and ground platforms, enhancing power and cooling systems on warships and aircraft such as the Tejas, developing AI-based targeting for accuracy in challenging environments, and integrating DEWs with existing integrated air defence systems. Partnering with allies on solid-state laser technology will ensure operational effectiveness.

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Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.

References:-

[i] J. R. Wilson, “Directed-Energy Weapons: Technologies, Applications and Implications,” Military & Aerospace Electronics, August 2021.

[ii] John Keller, “Power and Cooling Are Key Challenges in Directed-Energy Weapons,” Military & Aerospace Electronics, March 2023, 14-18.

[iii] Philip Ewing, “The Pentagon’s New Laser Weapon Blinds and Burns,” NPR, July 3, 2020.

[iv] Joan Johnson-Freese, Space Warfare in the 21st Century: Arming the Heavens (London: Routledge, 2016), 112-115.

[v] Khosla Anil, “LEONIDAS BY EPIRUS_ STAR TREK STYLE SHIELD OF DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPON”, The EurasianTimes, 29 Mar 25.

[vi] Sam LaGrone, “Navy Deploys Laser Weapon Prototype USS Ponce,” USNI News, December 10, 2014.

[vii] U.S. Navy, “HELIOS System Successfully Tested on USS Preble,” Naval News, August 2022, https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/08/helios-system-successfully-tested-on-uss-preble/.

[viii] Jen Judson, “Army’s DE-MSHORAD Prototype Zaps Drones in Latest Test,” Defense News, October 2023, https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/10/05/armys-de-mshorad-prototype-zaps-drones-in-latest-test/.

[ix] Valerie Insinna, “Air Force Tests Airborne Laser on Testbed Aircraft,” Air Force Magazine, February 2024, https://www.airforcemag.com/air-force-tests-airborne-laser-testbed-aircraft/.

[x] Brian W. Everstine, “Lasers on AC-130s Could Redefine Special Operations,” Aviation Week, March 2023, 34-36.

[xi] Khosla Anil. “UKRAINE UNVEILS TRYZUB_ A GAME-CHANGING DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPON”, Air Marshal’s Perspective, 17 Feb 25.

[xii] Khosla Anil, “Edit Post “DURGA AND KALI_ INDIA’S DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPONS PROGRAM”, Air Marshal’s Perspective, 29 Apr 25.

[xiii] Ibid

[xiv] Khosla Anil, “INDIA ENTERS THE LASER AGE_ MK-II(A) DEW USHERS IN A NEW ERA OF DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY”, Air Marshal’s Perspective, 16 Apr 25.

[xv] Paul Scharre, Army of None: Autonomous Weapons and the Future of War (New York: W.W. Norton, 2018), 201-205.

[xvi] Freedberg, “Lasers, Microwaves, and Particle Beams.”

[xvii] United Nations, “Protocol IV on Blinding Laser Weapons,” Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, 1995.

April 16, 2025

650: INDIA ENTERS THE LASER AGE: MK-II(A) DEW USHERS IN A NEW ERA OF DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY

My article published on The EurasianTimes website on 16 Apr 25.

India successfully tested its first high-energy laser weapon, the Mk-II(A) Laser-Directed Energy Weapon (DEW), on April 13, 2025, at the National Open Air Range in Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh. Developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), the 30-kilowatt laser system demonstrated the ability to neutralise fixed-wing, swarm, and surveillance sensors precisely at ranges up to 5 kilometers. The weapon can engage targets at the speed of light, using a laser beam to cause structural failure or destroy warheads, offering a cost-effective alternative to traditional ammunition with minimal collateral damage.

The test places India among a select group of nations, including the US, China, and Russia, with advanced laser weapon capabilities. DRDO plans to induct the land-based system within two years, with future upgrades for greater range and applications on ships, aircraft, and satellites. A more powerful 300-kilowatt “Surya” laser capable of targeting high-speed missiles and drones up to 20 kilometers away. Posts on social media highlight the weapon’s potential to counter aerial threats effectively.

Directed Energy Weapons (DEWs) represent a transformative leap in military technology. They harness concentrated energy to neutralise threats with unprecedented precision and speed, a feat once only a part of science fiction. Unlike conventional munitions, which rely on physical projectiles or explosives, DEWs deliver energy through lasers, microwaves, or particle beams to disable or destroy targets.

Directed Energy Weapons

At their core, DEWs operate by focusing energy to create destructive effects. The most prominent type, laser-based DEWs, emit highly focused beams of light that travel at the speed of light (approximately 300,000 kilometers per second). When this beam strikes a target, it transfers intense heat, causing structural failure, melting critical components, or detonating warheads. For instance, India’s 30-kilowatt Mk-II(A) laser demonstrated its ability to neutralise drones and sensors up to 5 kilometers away by inducing catastrophic overheating in seconds.

Microwave-based DEWs, another category, emit electromagnetic pulses to disrupt or destroy electronic systems. These are particularly effective against swarms of drones or missile guidance systems, as they can disable multiple targets simultaneously within a wide area. Though less developed, particle beam weapons accelerate charged particles to damage targets at the molecular level, offering potential for future applications.

The advantages of DEWs are manifold. They require no physical ammunition, reducing logistical burdens and costs—engagements are estimated to cost mere dollars per shot compared to thousands for missiles. This cost-effectiveness is a significant advantage in modern warfare. Their speed-of-light delivery ensures near-instantaneous impact, critical for countering fast-moving threats like hypersonic missiles. Additionally, DEWs produce minimal collateral damage, making them ideal for precision strikes in populated areas.

Historical Context and Global Development

The concept of DEWs dates back to science fiction, with early inspirations from works like H.G. Wells’ War of the Worlds. However, serious development began during the Cold War, with the United States and Soviet Union exploring laser technologies for missile defence. This historical context provides a deeper understanding of the evolution of technology. The U.S. Strategic Defence Initiative in the 1980s, often dubbed “Star Wars,” aimed to deploy space-based lasers to intercept ballistic missiles, though technological limitations stalled progress.

In recent decades, advancements in power generation, beam control, and thermal management have brought DEWs closer to battlefield reality. The United States has led the charge, with systems like the Navy’s 150-kilowatt Laser Weapon System (LaWS) deployed on ships to counter drones and small boats. Israel’s Iron Beam, designed to complement the Iron Dome, uses lasers to intercept rockets and mortars cost-effectively. China and Russia have also invested heavily, with China’s Silent Hunter laser system reportedly capable of disabling vehicles and drones, and Russia’s Peresvet laser designed for air defence and satellite disruption. These developments can potentially reshape international relations as countries with advanced DEW capabilities gain new strategic advantages.

Applications in Modern Warfare

DEWs are poised to revolutionise defence across multiple domains. On land, they offer robust protection against drones, a growing threat in asymmetric warfare. The proliferation of low-cost drones, as seen in conflicts like Ukraine, has exposed vulnerabilities in traditional air defences. Laser systems provide a sustainable countermeasure with their low per-shot cost and unlimited “magazine” (limited only by power supply). For example, India’s Mk-II(A) successfully neutralised a swarm of drones, a capability critical for border security.

DEWs enhance naval defence against anti-ship missiles, small boats, and unmanned aerial vehicles at sea. The U.S. Navy’s High Energy Laser with Integrated Optical-Dazzler and Surveillance (HELIOS) system, integrated into destroyers, exemplifies this trend. For India, equipping warships with laser systems could strengthen maritime security in the Indian Ocean, a vital trade corridor.

In the air, DEWs are being developed for aircraft to counter incoming missiles. The U.S. Air Force’s Self-Protect High Energy Laser Demonstrator (SHiELD) aims to equip fighter jets with laser pods for missile defence. India’s vision to mount lasers on aircraft could enhance its air superiority, particularly against regional adversaries with growing missile arsenals.

Space-based DEWs, though controversial, represent the next frontier. Lasers could disable enemy satellites or defend against anti-satellite weapons, securing critical communication and reconnaissance assets. India’s planned satellite-mounted lasers underscore its intent to safeguard its space infrastructure.

Challenges and Limitations

Despite their promise, DEWs face significant hurdles. Atmospheric conditions like rain, fog, or dust can scatter or weaken laser beams, reducing their effectiveness. India’s DRDO addresses this through advanced beam control systems, but challenges persist in diverse terrains like the Himalayas. Power requirements also pose a barrier—high-energy lasers demand substantial electricity, necessitating compact, efficient generators. For mobile platforms, this remains a logistical challenge.

Cost and scalability are additional concerns. While DEWs are cheaper per shot, initial development and deployment costs are high. India’s Mk-II(A) required years of investment, and scaling to systems like the Surya laser will demand further resources. Finally, countermeasures like reflective coatings or electronic hardening could reduce DEW effectiveness, sparking an arms race in defensive technologies. It’s important to note that while DEWs offer significant advantages, they are not without vulnerabilities. Developing effective countermeasures will be a key area of focus in the future.

Future of Directed Energy Weapons

The global DEW market is expected to grow rapidly, fuelled by increasing threats from drones, missiles, and electronic warfare. India’s roadmap, which includes the induction of the Mk-II(A) by 2027 and the development of the Surya laser, positions the country as a key player. Collaborative efforts with allies could hasten progress, while indigenous innovation ensures strategic autonomy.

Beyond military applications, DEWs have the potential for civilian uses, such as removing space debris or disaster response (e.g., disabling hazardous objects). Their integration into multi-layered defence systems—combining lasers, missiles, and electronic warfare—will redefine warfare as technology matures.

Conclusion

Directed Energy Weapons mark a paradigm shift in defence, offering speed, precision, and economy unmatched by traditional systems. India’s successful test of the Mk-II(A) laser underscores its emergence as a technological power, capable of shaping the future of warfare. While challenges remain, the trajectory is clear: DEWs are not just the stuff of science fiction but a cornerstone of 21st-century security. As nations race to master this technology, the balance of power—and the ethics of its use—will shape the decades ahead.

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Peresvet, Iron Beam, LaWS & Now India’s Mk-II(A)! How Directed Energy Weapons Could Revolutionize 21st-Century Warfare

References and credits

To all the online sites and channels.

Pics Courtesy: Internet

Disclaimer:

References: –

DRDO Press Release. “Successful Test of Mk-II(A) Laser Directed Energy Weapon Conducted by DRDO.” April 13, 2025.

Firstpost. (2025, April 13). India’s ‘Star Wars’ weapon! DRDO tests laser that melts aerial threats. https://www.firstpost.com/india/indias-star-wars-weapon-drdo-tests-laser-that-melts-aerial-threats-13834676.html

India Today. (2025, April 13). DRDO tests laser-based weapon system. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/drdo-laser-weapon-system-destroys-drones-missiles-test-kurnool-andhra-pradesh-2527665-2025-04-13

LiveMint. (2025, April 13). In a first, India shoots down drones with laser weapon. https://www.livemint.com/news/india/in-a-first-india-shoots-down-drones-with-laser-weapon-joins-elite-league-of-nations-watch-video-11742305443609.html

NDTV. (2025, April 13). India’s first futuristic “Star Wars” laser weapon. https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-first-futuristic-star-wars-laser-weapon-shoots-down-drone-swarm-5420597

The Hindu. (2025, April 13). DRDO tests directed energy weapon system. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-tests-directed-energy-weapon-system-that-can-disable-drones-missiles/article68989626.ece

Gormley, Dennis M. Directed Energy Weapons: Technologies, Applications and Implications. RAND Corporation, 2000.

Kopp, Carlo. “Directed-Energy Weapons: Physics of High-Energy Lasers (HELs).” Defence Today, vol. 6, no. 4, 2008.

Freedberg, Sydney J. Jr. “Lasers, Railguns & Directed Energy: The Future of War?” Breaking Defence, 2017.

Defence Update. “Directed Energy Weapons: Changing the Face of Modern Warfare.” 2024.

and International Studies (CSIS). Directed Energy and the Future Battlefield. CSIS Report, 2023.

March 29, 2025

629: LEONIDAS BY EPIRUS: STAR TREK STYLE SHIELD OF DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPON

My Article published on the EurasianTimes Website on 28 Mar 25.

The most recent and significant news, announced in March 2025, is that Epirus Inc., a defence technology start-up based in Torrance, California, has unveiled the Leonidas system, a high-power microwave (HPM) weapon designed to neutralise unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms. This innovative system emits electromagnetic pulses to disable drones individually or across a broad area, offering a scalable solution to counter drone threats. The Leonidas system has been likened to a “Star Trek-style” shield due to its ability to disable or destroy drones within seconds. Beyond its counter-drone capabilities, the Leonidas system’s versatility allows it to disable electronics in ground vehicles and sea vessels, demonstrating its potential across various defences.

In the rapidly evolving landscape of modern warfare, unmanned aerial systems (UAS) have emerged as a significant and multifaceted threat. Due to their high operational costs and limited ammunition capacity, traditional defence mechanisms, such as missiles or anti-aircraft guns, struggle to keep pace with these agile, numerous, and often low-cost adversaries. The Leonidas system addresses these challenges through directed energy technology, allowing for rapid, reusable, and cost-effective simultaneous engagement of multiple threats.

Named after the legendary Spartan king who famously stood against overwhelming odds at Thermopylae, the Leonidas system embodies a bold and forward-thinking approach to defence. Leveraging cutting-edge HPM technology, it offers a non-kinetic alternative to conventional systems, addressing one of the most pressing challenges of the 21st century.

High-Power Microwave Technology. HPM systems generate electromagnetic waves ranging from 300 MHz to 300 GHz. Unlike the microwaves used in household ovens to heat food by exciting water molecules, HPM delivers intense bursts of energy capable of inducing currents in electronic circuits. When directed at a target, these microwaves can disrupt or permanently damage sensitive components, rendering devices like drones inoperable. HPM’s ability to affect a broader area rather than a single pinpoint sets it apart from other directed energy technologies, such as lasers. This makes it particularly effective against multiple targets or swarms, a critical advantage in scenarios where dozens or hundreds of drones might be deployed simultaneously. Historically, HPM systems relied on vacuum tube technology, which was bulky, fragile, and maintenance-intensive. However, recent advancements in solid-state electronics have revolutionised the field. Solid-state HPM systems, like the one powering Leonidas, use semiconductor devices to generate microwaves, offering greater durability, efficiency, and compactness, attributes that make the technology viable for real-world deployment.

The Leonidas System.

The Leonidas system is a pinnacle of Epirus’s expertise in solid-state HPM technology. While proprietary details remain closely guarded, the key aspects of its design and functionality can be based on the general principles of HPM and publicly available information.

At its core, the system likely features an array of solid-state amplifiers that generate and amplify microwave signals. These signals are then emitted through a steerable antenna, allowing operators to direct the HPM beam toward specific targets or areas. The power output of the Leonidas system would be a critical factor in its effectiveness. Although exact specifications are not disclosed, HPM systems typically produce peak powers ranging from hundreds of kilowatts to several megawatts. This energy is sufficient to disable the electronics of drones within a specific range, which depends on factors such as power levels, frequency, and atmospheric conditions. Unlike lasers, which maintain a tight beam over long distances, HPM waves experience divergence and can be attenuated by moisture or particles in the air, potentially limiting their range. However, this constraint is less significant for counter-drone applications where threats are often within a few kilometers.

Advanced targeting and control systems are integral to the Leonidas platform. These likely include radar or optical sensors to detect and track drones, paired with sophisticated software that prioritises targets and adjusts the beam’s intensity and direction. The result is a highly responsive system capable of engaging fast-moving threats with near-instantaneous effect, as HPM travels at the speed of light. These systems also enable the Leonidas to distinguish between friendly and hostile drones, reducing the risk of friendly fire and enhancing its effectiveness in complex operational environments.

Epirus has developed fixed and mobile versions of the Leonidas system, enhancing its versatility. Stationary installations might protect critical infrastructure, while vehicle-mounted units could support troops in the field, offering a flexible defence against dynamic threats.

Applications

The primary mission of the Leonidas system is to counter drone threats, a capability that addresses a growing concern in military and civilian contexts. The Leonidas system excels in such scenarios, using its wide-area HPM effects to disable multiple drones with a single burst. This makes it an ideal solution for protecting military installations, convoys, or naval vessels from both individual and coordinated drone attacks.

Beyond counter-drone operations, the Leonidas system holds promise for electronic warfare. Targeting enemy communication systems, radars, or other electronic equipment could degrade an adversary’s situational awareness or operational capabilities without firing a shot. Additionally, the technology might be adapted to disable vehicles or machinery reliant on electronic controls, though this could require higher power levels or closer proximity to the target.

Epirus has also hinted at broader applications, such as non-lethal uses for perimeter security or crowd control. In these scenarios, HPM could deter intrusions or disable unauthorised devices without causing permanent harm, offering a versatile tool for law enforcement or homeland security.

Advantages.

The Leonidas system offers several compelling advantages over conventional kinetic defence systems, making it a game-changer in the fight against emerging threats.

- Cost-Effectiveness. Engaging a target with HPM requires only electrical energy, a fraction of the cost of expending missiles or ammunition. This is particularly advantageous against low-cost drones, where using expensive munitions is economically unsustainable.
- Precision and Control. Operators can tune the system to affect specific areas or targets, minimising collateral damage. Adjusting power output in real time allows it to respond to varying threat levels with tailored precision.
- Scalability. From small consumer drones to larger military UAS, the Leonidas system can adapt its energy output to neutralise a wide range of targets, offering flexibility across different operational contexts.
- Unlimited Magazine. Unlike guns or missile launchers with finite ammunition, the Leonidas system can operate continuously as long as it has power, making it ideal for prolonged engagements or swarm attacks.

Challenges

Despite its promise, the Leonidas system faces several technical and operational challenges that must be addressed for widespread adoption:-

- Power Requirements. Generating high-power microwaves demands significant electrical energy. For mobile deployments, this necessitates robust power sources, such as large batteries or generators that could limit the system’s portability or require frequent recharging.

- Range and Environmental Limitations. HPM’s effectiveness decreases with distance due to beam divergence and atmospheric absorption. Adverse weather conditions, such as rain or fog, could further reduce performance, potentially requiring multiple units for comprehensive coverage.

- Integration with Existing Systems. Incorporating a novel technology like HPM into established defence frameworks involves significant hurdles. This includes adapting hardware, training personnel, and developing tactics to maximise its utility alongside traditional systems.

- Unintended Disruptions. HPM’s broad-area effects could inadvertently interfere with friendly electronics, communication networks, or civilian infrastructure if not carefully managed. Robust targeting and safety protocols are essential to mitigate this risk.

- Strategic Considerations. While primarily defensive, the ability to disable electronics at a distance raises questions about potential offensive applications or escalation in conflicts. International laws and treaties governing directed energy weapons may need to evolve to address these concerns and ensure responsible use.

Impact and Future Prospects

Epirus has successfully tested the Leonidas system, showcasing its ability to neutralise drone swarms with precision and speed. These demonstrations have attracted global attention from military and defence organisations, underscoring the system’s potential to fill a critical gap in countermeasures. Partnerships with defence contractors or government agencies signal growing confidence in HPM technology and its readiness for operational deployment.

Looking to the future, Epirus may enhance the Leonidas system with more significant power outputs to tackle more prominent or more resilient targets. Integration with complementary technologies, such as lasers, could create a multi-layered defence system, combining HPM’s wide-area effects with a laser’s pinpoint accuracy. Advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning could also enable autonomous operation, allowing the system to detect, prioritise, and engage threats in complex environments with minimal human intervention.

The broader implications of the Leonidas system extend beyond immediate defence needs. As directed-energy weapons gain traction, they could influence global military strategies, potentially sparking an arms race or prompting new regulatory frameworks. For now, its focus on countering drones positions it as a vital tool in an increasingly drone-dominated world.

Global DEW Projects

Directed energy weapons (DEWs) are advanced technologies that use focused energy, such as lasers or microwaves, to disable or destroy targets without physical projectiles. Numerous countries are researching and developing these weapons, each with unique projects and strategic goals.

China. China is making rapid strides in DEW development, with a focus on high-energy lasers and microwave systems. State media and manufacturers have released images of handheld and vehicle-mounted laser systems, including the LW-30, a 30kW road-mobile high-energy laser (HEL) designed for unmanned aerial systems (UAS) and precision-guided weapons. Their efforts extend to counter space applications, with ground-based DEWs potentially targeting satellites, as highlighted in analyses.

Russia. Russia has been developing DEWs for decades, with the Peresvet laser weapon system entering experimental combat duty in 2018 and claimed operational use during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine. A more advanced version, “Zadira,” can incinerate targets up to three miles away within five seconds. Russia is also working on EMP cannons and microwave guns for anti-drone applications.

United Kingdom. The UK’s Ministry of Defence (MOD) is investing heavily in DEWs, with projects like DragonFire, a laser-directed energy weapon (LDEW) that achieved its first high-power firing against aerial targets in January 2024 at the Hebrides Range. DragonFire, with a range classified but capable of hitting a £1 coin from a kilometer away, is expected to be deployable by 2027. Additionally, the Radio Frequency Directed Energy Weapon (RFDEW) is nearing service by 2026, focusing on countering unmanned systems.

India. India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is actively pursuing DEWs, with projects like the Directionally Unrestricted Ray-Gun Array (DURGA II), a 100-kilowatt lightweight DEW at the concept stage, set for integration with land, sea, and air platforms. Other initiatives include the KALI particle accelerator and a 1KW laser weapon for counter-IED operations, with plans for 25-kW and 100-kW systems.

Iran and Turkey. They claim DEWs in active service, adding controversy to global assessments. Iran has announced developments in laser air defence systems, while Turkey claims the ALKA DEW was used in combat in Libya in 2019. However, specifics and verification are scarce, with claims often met with scepticism due to limited transparency.

South Korea, Japan, and Australia. South Korea and Japan have advanced technological capabilities, with South Korea developing laser-based systems for counter-drone applications, though less prominently than significant powers. Japan focuses more on nuclear and space technologies, with limited public DEW projects. Australia is investing in DEW technology, particularly for countering drones, with a $13 million deal with QinetiQ for a prototype defensive laser.

Conclusion

The Leonidas system by Epirus marks a transformative advancement in modern defence. It harnesses high-power microwave technology to address the escalating threat of drones and electronic-based hazards. Its non-kinetic approach offers a cost-effective, precise, and scalable solution that outperforms traditional systems in key areas, from countering swarms to enabling electronic warfare. While challenges such as power demands, environmental constraints, and integration remain, the system’s successful demonstrations and growing adoption signal its readiness to make a lasting impact.

The future of Directed Energy Weapons (DEWs) is promising, with advancements in laser, microwave, and particle beam technologies enhancing their effectiveness. These weapons offer rapid engagement, precision targeting, and cost efficiency, making them invaluable for missile defence, drone neutralisation, and electronic warfare. However, hurdles such as energy storage, environmental limitations, and legal-ethical concerns must be overcome. As nations invest in DEW research, their role in modern warfare will expand, shaping the next generation of defence capabilities.

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One Shot, 100 Kills! U.S. Unleashes “Revolutionary” HPM Weapon That Can ‘Fry’ Hostile UAVs Within Seconds

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