Djibouti, is a small country in the Horn of Africa located on the southwest shores of the Gulf of Aden. It is adjacent to the narrow Bab el-Mandeb Strait (a mere 18 miles wide at its narrowest point) the gateway to the Red Sea and the Suez Canal.
Ships transiting between the Suez Canal and the Indian Ocean pass through the strait, making this waterway a key choke point. Approximately 30 per cent of the world’s trade moves through this critical waterway.
There are seven foreign military bases in Djibouti. Djibouti is the only location where the USA and Chinese militaries are based within just a few miles of each other.
The global network of underwater cables requires a “landing point”, and Djibouti has become a major African player in the business of undersea cables.
Indian Interests in Djibouti include interests of Indian Diaspora, landing point for the Indian intercontinental fibre-optic communications cable, and support to the Indian Navy units deployed in strategic waters in Djibouti. Indian concerns are is related to the increased presence of China and its increasing strangle hold on Djibouti.
India and Djibouti have long-standing excellent bilateral relations and have a scope for deepening economic, commercial, technical, educational, scientific and cultural cooperation between the two countries. Both countries need to work jointly on regional and international issues of mutual concern.
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The WDMMA (World Directory of Modern Military Aircraft) annual ranking utilises a formula that considers values related to the total fighting strength of the various air services of the world. The formula produces the ‘TrueValueRating’ (TvR).
It evaluates the strength of the nation’s airpower based on – not only overall strength – but also modernisation, logistical support, attack and defence capabilities and so on. In this way, power is not simply assessed on its total quantity of aircraft but rather its quality and general inventory mix.
Greater weightage is given to categories generally overlooked by some powers, namely special-mission, dedicated bomber force, CAS, training, and on-order units. Beyond this is a focus on local aero-industry capabilities, inventory balance (general mix of unit types), and force experience.
TvR remains, however, a work-in-progress and is constantly evaluated as needed.
The current WDMMA inventory consists of 103 air services covered (this includes Army, Navy, and Marine branches of service where applicable), and 48,082 total aircraft followed.
Statistical Analysis
USA. The highest attainable TvR score is 242.9 held by the United States Air Force (USAF). The USAF features a broad mix of aircraft types as well as a balanced strength. Many of its products are locally- sourced thanks to the U.S.’s massive industrial base. It also maintains dedicated strategic-level bombers, CAS aircraft, a sizeable helicopter fleet and fighter force (of which many are multirole types), and hundreds of transport aircraft to reach anywhere in the world. Beyond this is a large training, tanker, and special-mission force. The service is also set to be reinforced shortly with hundreds of units still on order.
Four out of the first five positions are of US forces- 1st United States Air Force (5,189) TvR: 242.9, 2nd United States Navy (2,626) TvR: 142.4, 4th United States Army Aviation (4,397) TvR: 112.6 and 5th United States Marine Corps (1,211) TvR: 85.3.
The Total added TvR of the USA at 583.2 is almost 3.5 times the total TvR of the next closest country Russia.
The total TvR of the USA is equal to the combined TvR of the next ten countries.
US assets seem to be very high in numbers but are deployed around the globe.
Russia. Russian Air Force with a TvR of 114.2 is at 3rd position after USAF and USN. The total TvR of Russia (AF and Navy Combined) is 157.8.
Russian air power is still a formidable force (Ukraine war propaganda notwithstanding).
China. At 7th place is PLA Air Force (2,084) TvR: 63.8, 15th place is PLA Naval Air Force (436) TvR: 42.4 and the total TvR is 106.2.
Pakistan. 18th position Pakistan Air Force (818) TvR: 46.3.
India. Indian Air Force (1,645) is in 4th position with a TvR of 69.4, Indian Naval Aviation (232) with a TvR: of 41.2 is in 28th position and Indian Army Aviation (195) at 37th place with a TvR: 30.0.
The combined TvR is 140.6, which is one-fourth of that of the USA.
IAF is marginally ahead of PLAAF by 5.6 points.
Numerically China is way ahead and is rapidly adding more and more aircraft to its inventory.
Complete List
(Number of aircraft in brackets)
United States Air Force (5,189) TvR: 242.9
United States Navy (2,626) TvR: 142.4
Russian Air Force (3,652) TvR: 114.2
United States Army Aviation (4,397) TvR: 112.6
United States Marine Corps (1,211) TvR: 85.3
Indian Air Force (1,645) TvR: 69.4
People’s Liberation Army Air Force (2,084) TvR: 63.8
Japan Air Self-Defense Force (779) TvR: 58.1
Israeli Air Force (581) TvR: 58.0
French Air Force (501) TvR: 56.3
British Royal Air Force (466) TvR: 55.3
South Korean Air Force (890) TvR: 53.4
Italian Air Force (506) TvR: 51.9
Royal Australian Air Force (296) TvR: 51.7
People’s Liberation Army Naval Air Force (436) TvR: 49.3
Brazilian Air Force (527) TvR: 48.3
Royal Saudi Air Force (702) TvR: 46.4
Pakistan Air Force (818) TvR: 46.3
German Air Force (394) TvR: 46.2
French Navy Aviation (196) TvR: 45.9
Turkish Air Force (618) TvR: 44.6
Egyptian Air Force (1,122) TvR: 44.0
Russian Naval Aviation (384) TvR: 43.6
Algerian Air Force (541) TvR: 43.2
People’s Liberation Naval Air Force (436) TvR: 42.4
Spanish Air Force (393) TvR: 41.6
Royal Canadian Air Force (378) TvR: 41.3
Indian Naval Aviation (232) TvR: 41.2
Indonesian Air Force (254) TvR: 40.0
Swedish Air Force (152) TvR: 38.6
Ukrainian Air Force (271) TvR: 36.3
United Arab Emirates Air Force (335) TvR: 33.1
Republic of China Air Force (518) TvR: 33.0
Turkish Army Aviation (392) TvR: 32.4
Republic of Singapore Air Force (247) TvR: 32.1
People’s Liberation Army Ground Force (857) TvR: 31.3
Indian Army Aviation (195) TvR: 30.0
Chilean Air Force (207) TvR: 27.9
Argentine Air Force (150) TvR: 27.4
Royal Jordanian Air Force (278) TvR: 27.3
Peruvian Air Force (187) TvR: 27.1
Colombian Air Force (296) TvR: 27.0
Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force (343) TvR: 25.8
Korean People’s Army Air Force (North Korea) (951) TvR: 24.8
German Army Aviation (264) TvR: 24.5
Royal Norwegian Air Force (110) TvR: 24.3
Republic of Korea Navy (South Korea) (77) TvR: 24.3
Hellenic Air Force (372) TvR: 24.2
Serbian Air Force (109) TvR: 24.0
South African Air Force (228) TvR: 23.8
Royal Thai Air Force (230) TvR: 23 2
Polish Air Force (275) TvR: 22.8
Spanish Army Aviation (95) TvR: 21.4
Kazakh Air Defense Forces (235) TvR: 21.1
Venezuelan Air Force (183) TvR: 20.8
Australia Naval Aviation (44) TvR: 20.5
Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm (108) TvR: 20.2
Italian Army Aviation (256) TvR: 19.6
Philippine Air Force (169) TvR: 19.2
Portuguese Air Force (104)
Italian Navy (113) TvR: 18.9
Royal Malaysian Air Force (176) TvR: 18.8
Royal Netherlands Air Force (171) TvR: 18.7
Royal Danish Air Force (115) TvR: 18.6
Romanian Air Force (140) TvR: 18.4
Swiss Air Force (174) TvR: 18.1
Vietnamese People’s Air Force (274) TvR: 18.0
Nigerian Air Force (138) TvR: 17.9
Royal Thai Army Aviation (284) TvR: 17.4
Kuwait Air Force (87) TvR: 16.8
Qatar Emiri Air Force (125) TvR: 16.4
Kenya Air Force (150) TvR: 16.
Belarus Air Force (201) TvR: 16.2
Uzbekistan Air and Air Defence Forces (185) TvR: 16.
Royal Air Force of Oman (133) TvR: 16.0
Belgian Air Component (124) TvR: 15.6
Bulgarian Air Force (65) TvR: 15.5
German Navy Aviation (56) TvR: 15.4
Australian Army Aviation (107) TvR: 14.4
Slovak Air Force (47) TvR: 14.3
Bangladesh Air Force (173) TvR: 14.1
Armenian Air Force (51) TvR: 14.0
Austrian Air Force (102) TvR: 13.8
Hungarian Air Force (48) TvR: 12.6
Finnish Air Force (139) TvR: 12.5
Azerbaijan Air Defence Force (149) TvR: 12.2
Islamic Republic of Iran Army Aviation (78) TvR: 11.4
Hellenic Army (217) TvR: 11.2
Turkmen Air Force (101) TvR: 10.4
Islamic Republic of Iran Navy Aviation (31) TvR: 9.8
Bangladesh Army Aviation (13) TvR: 9.2
Croatian Air Force (80) TvR: 9.0
Ecuadorian Air Force (60) TvR: 8.8
Ethiopian Air Force (82) TvR: 8.1
Spanish Naval Aviation (55) TvR: 7.6
Iraqi Air Force (189) TvR: 7.4
Turkish Navy Aviation (45) TvR: 6.9
Republic of China Army (201) TvR: 6.7
Nagorno-Karabakh Army AF (12) TvR: 6.6
Air Force Brigade of Bosnia and Herzegovina (19) TvR: 5.8
Global airpower ranking 2024, https://www.wdmma.org/ranking.php
To all the online sites and channels.
Disclaimer:
Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from sources deemed reliable and accurate. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for purposes of wider dissemination.
Over the next couple of years, the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) will undertake intensive trials of its third aircraft carrier, the Fujian (Type-003), to bring it into service. China has been intent on building its carrier capacity since the 1970s. The last five decades have been a journey of discovery and determination for a country with no previous experience.
The Chinese effort accelerated in the 1980s under Liu Huaqing, commander-in-chief of the navy, who subsequently served on the Central Military Commission. He is widely credited as the father of the modern Chinese navy and its carrier capability.
First Step. Beijing’s early moves were surreptitious and creative. China closely studied the decommissioned Australian aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne, sold for scrap to a Chinese company in 1985 with a surprising amount of its aircraft-operating equipment – catapults, arresting gear, mirror landing sights and flight deck arrangements – left intact. The ship was not dismantled for many years after it arrived in China.
First Carrier with Soviet Role. In the 1990s, China gambled on the purchased ex-Soviet hybrid carriers Kiev and Minsk and the incomplete hull of the larger Varyag (which would have been a sister ship to the Soviet and then Russian navy’s Admiral Kuznetsov), supposedly to turn them into floating hotels or casinos. China reportedly also bought eight truckloads of detailed design drawings of the ship. While two of them, after extensive evaluation, took on their civilian role, the ex-Varyag was completed in China as the PLAN’s prototype carrier Liaoning.
Gaining Experience. The effort allowed the PLAN to gain rapid early experience in carrier operations at sea (ship handling and maintenance skills), carrier air operations and integration into a task-group formation. Chinese planners carefully studied the practices of other navies (particularly those of the US Navy). Two months after the PLAN commissioned the Liaoning, it carried out the first landing and take-off of a J-15 fighter at sea. The PLAN also adapted US flight-deck procedures and organisations, including colour-coding uniforms to denote the role of personnel.
Carrier Capability Development. Beijing declared the Liaoning ‘combat ready’ in November 2016 and an initial operating capability for the carrier and its task group in May 2018. China’s second carrier, the Shandong, a domestically built improved version, was commissioned in December 2019 and supposedly achieved initial operating capability the following year. Given its challenges, the PLAN’s development of carrier capabilities was relatively cautious, and the operational capability remains limited. The carriers only recently have embarked on more extended deployments further from Chinese home waters.
Carrier Air Operations: Teething Problems. The PLAN’s carrier fighter, the J-15 is an unlicensed development of the Russian Su-33. It has shortcomings due to its size, weight and operational characteristics. Carrier-capable fighters are in relatively short supply and barely sufficient for two carrier air groups. The size and design of the existing carriers, especially the lack of a catapult launching system, significantly constrain aircraft range and payload. More complex operational flying at sea, including night-time operations, remains a work in progress. Pilot training is another area of concern.
Fujian (Type-003). The arrival of the Fujian addresses some of the earlier issues. The ship represents a significant advance on the navy’s first two carriers, the Liaoning and Shandong. The indigenous design is larger than its predecessors and equipped with an electromagnetic catapult launch system rather than a ‘ski ramp’ for aircraft launches, enabling a larger and more capable air group. While that requires a step change in the PLAN’s capacity to support the operation of such a vessel, it will bring the PLAN closer to its ambition for a fully capable carrier force.
Carrier Air Operations: Work in Progress. Fujian is expected to introduce electromagnetic catapult system technology. Operationalisation of the system has its challenges. While upgrading the J-15 aircraft, China is developing a carrier-compatible variant of the J-35 aircraft, a variant of the J-31. At least three prototypes of the twin-engine J-35 are undergoing flight testing. Along with the J-35, the PLAN is supporting the development of the KJ-600 airborne early warning platform for carrier operations, with several airframes under consideration.
Future Trajectory. The PLAN’s experience of fielding the Fujian will influence the further development of its carrier force. PLAN appears intent on having a force of at least six carriers sometimes (maybe by the 2030s). While a fully-fledged carrier force may still be some way off, with a decade of experience in carrier operations, the PLAN appears to have mastered a limited degree of power projection capability. Future ships may be larger with nuclear propulsion.
The International Institute for Strategic studies, “The Military Balance 2024”.
Disclaimer:
Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from sources deemed reliable and accurate. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for purposes of wider dissemination.
