Anil Khosla – Page 7 – Air Marshal's Perspective

December 4, 2024December 4, 2024

547: Antariksha Abhyas 2024: A New Era for India’s Space Security

Pic courtesy Net

My Article published on the Chanakya Forum Website

on 04 Dec 24.

India conducted its first comprehensive space defence exercise, “Antariksha Abhyas 2024”, from November 11 to 13, 2024. It was spearheaded by the Defence Space Agency (DSA) and sought to simulate and tackle the evolving threats posed to space-based assets critical for national security. The exercise strengthened coordination among India’s tri-services—Army, Navy, and Air Force—while integrating strategic assets within space operations. A primary objective was to assess vulnerabilities in space operations, enhance operational readiness, and develop strategies to withstand potential disruptions or denials of service. The exercise was a drill and a significant milestone in India’s defence strategy. The lessons learned from this exercise are expected to shape future military doctrines and enhance policy frameworks for space security.

Space Warfare. Space warfare refers to using space-based technologies and assets for military purposes, focusing on gaining strategic advantage through control of the space domain. It involves defending space infrastructure (like satellites and communication systems) and the potential to disable or destroy enemy satellites and other space-based assets during conflicts. The critical aspects of space warfare include anti-satellite weapons (ASAT), orbital warfare tactics, and strategies to control or interfere with satellite operations, such as space-based surveillance and reconnaissance and cyber-attacks. Many countries, including India, are establishing space forces and creating specialised units that handle operations in space. In recent years, nations like the U.S., China, Russia, and India have invested heavily in developing space defence capabilities, preparing for the possibility of conflict extending into space. Space warfare is seen as the next frontier in military strategy, where securing space assets will become crucial for the success of both conventional and unconventional military operations.

India and Space Warfare. India has made significant strides in developing its space warfare capabilities, primarily through its defence and space agencies like the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Indian Armed Forces. In recent years, India’s space capabilities have increasingly been integrated into its national defence strategy, and the country has made efforts to ensure the security of its space assets while also developing the capacity to counter space-based threats. India has recognised the importance of space security and is actively working towards setting up a specialised force to handle space-related defence operations. The Indian Air Force (IAF), currently tasked with most space defence-related activities, is being augmented with space warfare-focused units. India established the Integrated Space Cell (ISC) in 2010 to integrate space capabilities into its defence strategy. India’s Defence Space Agency (DSA) was established in 2019 under the Ministry of Defence (MoD) to enhance India’s capabilities in space for defence purposes. The agency coordinates with other agencies, including the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), which handles civilian space exploration and satellite development. In future, the Indian Space Defence Command (ISDC) is expected to be formed to provide a more cohesive and focused defence approach for space assets. India demonstrated its anti-satellite (ASAT) capabilities in March 2019 when it successfully tested Mission Shakti, an ASAT weapon that destroyed one of its satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO). This test marked India as the fourth country after the United States, Russia, and China to develop and demonstrate such a capability. India has invested heavily in developing space-based surveillance and reconnaissance systems to monitor activities on Earth and space. India has been actively developing its space situational awareness (SSA) capabilities to track objects in space, detect potential threats, and predict collisions or other hazards to its satellites. This includes tracking space debris, monitoring the orbits of satellites, and identifying potential risks from enemy or hostile space activities. India is making significant advancements in its space warfare capabilities, focusing on both offensive and defensive measures to safeguard its space assets and ensure dominance in the space domain in future conflicts.

Exercise Antariksha Abhyas 2024

The Structure and Conduct of the Exercise. Antariksha Abhyas was a highly structured event involving a mix of simulation-based war games, technical briefings, and strategic discussions. The exercise spanned three days and engaged military personnel from the Defence Space Agency and its allied units, as well as representatives from ISRO and DRDO. Each participant played a specific role, ensuring that the exercise was comprehensive and reflective of the real-world challenges India faces in space. The exercise included both tabletop simulations and live operations, with wargame scenarios designed to test the capabilities of India’s space assets in various conflict situations. These simulations included situations where space assets were compromised, such as jamming, cyber-attacks, or physical destruction through anti-satellite missiles. The exercises were not limited to offensive strategies; defensive measures such as securing satellites, countering space-based threats, and recovering lost capabilities were also explored.

Aim and Objectives. Antariksha Abhyas 2024, India’s first-ever dedicated military space exercise, marks a pivotal moment in its defence strategy. It was conceived as a ground-breaking exercise to simulate the defence of India’s space assets against emerging threats. The exercise aimed to test and enhance the operational readiness of India’s space assets, assess vulnerabilities, and improve integration between the various branches of the armed forces and civilian space organisations like ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation). The key objectives of Antariksha Abhyas 2024 were multi-faceted, focusing on operational readiness and strategic foresight in space defence.

Assessing Vulnerabilities in Space Operations. One of the primary objectives was to evaluate the vulnerabilities of India’s space-based assets. Space is becoming increasingly congested, contested, and competitive, with potential adversaries looking to disrupt or deny access to space-based services. The exercise focused on identifying the weaknesses in operational capacity that might arise if these assets were targeted or disrupted, allowing for a more robust and agile defence strategy.

Enhancing Inter-Agency Coordination. The exercise aimed to strengthen the integration of space capabilities with the Indian military’s overall defence strategy. This involved collaboration among the Army, Navy, and Air Force and several specialised agencies such as the Defence Cyber Agency, the Defence Intelligence Agency, and the Strategic Forces Command. These agencies and civilian bodies like ISRO and DRDO (Defence Research & Development Organisation) participated to ensure a holistic approach to space defence.

Testing Operational Dependencies. Another critical aspect of the exercise was understanding how different military operations depend on space-based assets. Many military activities, from satellite communications to surveys, rely heavily on space infrastructure. The exercise sought to simulate how various military sectors could function with or without these vital services, identifying gaps in operational dependency.

Fostering Innovation in Space Technologies. Given the fast-paced advancements in space technology, the exercise encouraged innovation and collaboration between the military and civilian sectors. This was particularly crucial in addressing emerging challenges such as anti-satellite warfare, space debris management, and the protection of critical satellites.

Implications for India’s Space Security.

Antariksha Abhyas is significant not only for its technical achievements but also for its broader geopolitical implications. India has long maintained a robust space exploration program, with notable milestones such as the Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) and the Chandrayaan missions to the Moon. However, with the growing militarisation of space by other countries, such as the U.S., China, and Russia, India has recognised the need to integrate space into its national security framework.

The exercise reflects India’s growing ambition to become a significant space security player. While the U.S. and China have already developed sophisticated space defence capabilities, India has traditionally lagged in this domain. However, initiatives like Antariksha Abhyas indicate that India is catching up, with a clear focus on developing both offensive and defensive space operations.

Furthermore, the exercise highlights the critical role of civilian-military collaboration. ISRO, with its cutting-edge satellite capabilities, plays a central role in supporting India’s military operations in space. By engaging ISRO in defence exercises, India ensures its military can leverage the latest technologies and research to enhance its space capabilities. This collaboration is crucial in ensuring that India’s space assets are efficient and secure against potential threats.

As India expands its space capabilities, exercises like Antariksha Abhyas will be critical in shaping its future defence strategies. The exercise is a significant milestone in India’s defence and space policy. It signals India’s recognition of space as a vital component of its national security infrastructure. It reflects the growing urgency to protect space assets from conventional and non-conventional threats. The exercise has helped bolster India’s defence capabilities by providing valuable insights into space vulnerabilities, fostering inter-agency collaboration, and enhancing the nation’s readiness for potential space conflicts. Antariksha Abhyas 2024 is more than just a military exercise; it is a symbol of India’s growing space capabilities and its determination to secure its interests in space for the future.

Your valuable comments are most welcome.

Link to the article:

https://chanakyaforum.com/antariksha-abhyas-2024-a-new-era-for-indias-space-security/

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References and credits

To all the online sites and channels.

References:

“Antariksha Abhyas: India’s New Space Security Initiative”, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), 2024.

“India’s Space Security Strategy”, Ministry of Defence, Government of India, 2024.

Nair, S. “Antariksha Abhyas: India’s New Space Security Doctrine.” The Economic Times,
Pandit, R. “India’s Space Defense Strategy: Antariksha Abhyas and Beyond.” The Times of India,

Krishna, A. & Sharma, “The Future of Space Warfare: India’s Response to Emerging Threats”. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

“India’s Space Diplomacy: Strengthening Security in Outer Space”, Indian Ministry of External Affairs;

Chandran, A, “How Antariksha Abhyas Elevates India’s Strategic Position in Space.” Global Times, 2024.

Raghuvanshi, S, “Space as the New Frontier in India’s Defense Strategy.” Indian Defence Review, 2024

Gulati, V, “China, Pakistan, and the Strategic Implications of India’s Space Security Programs.” The Diplomat, 2024.

“The Evolution of India’s Space Security Strategy”, Space and Defence Research Center, 2024.

“Space Security: Trends and Future Prospects”, UN Office for Disarmament Affairs, 2024.

Sarma, N, “Antariksha Abhyas and Its Role in Strengthening India’s Space Command.” Journal of Strategic Studies, 2024.

Disclaimer:

Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.

December 4, 2024December 4, 2024

546: RUSSIA’S SU-57 OFFER TO INDIA: BALANCING NEEDS AND STRATEGIC INTERESTS

Pics Courtesy Net

My Article published on the EurasianTimes Website on 04 Dec 24

Russia has recently renewed its offer to supply India with fifth-generation SU-57 stealth fighter jets. Russia’s latest pitch emphasises improvements in the Su-57’s stealth, avionics, and combat capabilities, including integrating hypersonic weapons. To make the deal more attractive, Russia has reduced the aircraft’s cost and may accept a unique payment mechanism in Indian rupees. While evaluating the offer alongside other options, India remains cautious due to concerns about production delays, technology reliability, and geopolitical implications.

India’s Need for Fifth-generation Fighter Aircraft. India’s need for fifth-generation fighter aircraft (FGFA) arises from its evolving security environment, technological aspirations, and the need to modernise its ageing fleet. India faces potential simultaneous conflicts with China and Pakistan. China’s J-20 stealth fighter and Pakistan’s growing air power (with possible Chinese or Turkish support) have created a pressing need for India to counterbalance these developments with comparable technology. Many Indian Air Force fighter aircraft, including Jaguar, Mirage 2000s and Mig-29s, will be nearing the end of their operational life, prompting the need for replacements with superior capabilities. India’s Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) project aims to develop an Indigenous fifth-generation fighter, promoting self-reliance in defence technology. However, this is a long-term project, and interim solutions may be required. Given these factors, India would need to induct the latest technology fighter aircraft. The decision will depend on balancing immediate operational needs with long-term strategic and technological goals.

Key Features and Capabilities. The Su-57’s airframe is designed with stealth in mind, incorporating features like composite material with an angular design and internal weapon bays. While these features enhance stealth, other fifth-generation aircraft are reportedly considered superior in radar evasion, raising concerns about the Su-57’s ability to operate undetected in highly contested environments. The Su-57 claims state-of-the-art avionics, including AESA (Active Electronically Scanned Array) Radar, IRST (Infrared Search and Track), and electronic warfare systems, enhancing its survivability and situational awareness. The Su-57 currently relies on AL-41F1 engines, with a planned transition to Izdeliye 30 engines, promising super cruise ability, increased thrust, and thrust vectoring. Despite these advancements, delays in the Izdeliye 30 engine raise questions about the Su-57’s operational readiness, a significant concern for India if it opts for procurement.

India-Russia Defence Cooperation. The defence partnership between India and Russia dates back to the early 1960s, with Russia (then the Soviet Union) emerging as India’s primary arms supplier during the Cold War. India and Russia have maintained robust and long-standing defence cooperation over several decades, driven mainly by strategic interests and mutual goals in regional and global security. Russia has been a significant supplier of military aircraft to India, with notable contributions including the MiG-21, MiG-29, and Su-30MKI fighter jets. India and Russia have a history of collaboration on joint military projects.

FGFA Program: Joint Fifth-Generation Fighter Development. In 2007, India and Russia embarked on the Fifth-Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA) project, aiming to co-develop a customised version of the Su-57 (then known as the PAK FA). India’s contribution included financial support and the integration of indigenous avionics and systems. However, by 2018, India withdrew from the FGFA program due to issues related to technology transfer and software access, performance, delays and cost overruns, and disagreement over production and financial terms. These factors combined made the FGFA program untenable for India, prompting its decision to withdraw and seek other alternatives, including developing indigenous solutions and considering other foreign aircraft.

Effect on the AMCA Development. India’s procurement of the Su-57 fighter aircraft could positively and negatively affect the development of its Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) program. If India procures the Su-57, it could gain valuable insights into the design and technology of a fifth-generation fighter aircraft, including stealth capabilities, advanced avionics, and engine performance. This could accelerate the learning curve for Indian engineers and help improve AMCA’s design. On the other hand, procuring Su-57s could divert attention and resources from the AMCA project, as both programs require significant investment and focus. This could delay AMCA’s development as funding and manpower may be reallocated. While the Su-57 might provide a short-term solution, procuring it would reinforce India’s dependency on foreign technology, which contradicts the AMCA’s goal of achieving greater self-reliance in defence technology. It might also delay the domestic innovation necessary to produce the AMCA independently.

Strategic Autonomy. While the Su-57 procurement could strengthen defence ties with Russia, the conditions imposed in the deal might impact India’s strategic autonomy. These conditions may restrict customising the aircraft according to its specific needs. Moreover, India would remain dependent on Russia for software updates, maintenance, and future upgrades, potentially limiting its strategic flexibility. This could hinder India’s desire for greater control over its air assets, a key reason for pursuing the AMCA program in the first place. The decision will depend on balancing the desire for immediate operational capabilities with long-term strategic goals of self-reliance and technological independence.

Geopolitical Considerations. Acquiring the Su-57 would reinforce India’s defence partnership with Russia, counterbalancing its growing ties with Western defence suppliers like France (Dassault Rafale) and the U.S. (Lockheed Martin and Boeing). This move could also foster deeper technological collaboration between the two nations. India’s procurement of Russian defence equipment also risks triggering sanctions under the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA).

Challenges and Concerns. The Su-57 is a high-cost platform with significant acquisition and lifecycle expenses. Cost and affordability will be essential factors in the decision-making process. The claimed performance characteristics would have to be evaluated and compared to other existing platforms, especially with the adversaries. India’s insistence on full technology transfer is critical in defence acquisitions. Russia’s willingness to share key technologies will significantly influence India’s decision-making process, especially given India’s focus on enhancing its domestic defence industry through initiatives like “Make in India.”

India’s potential acquisition of the Su-57 is a complex issue with far-reaching implications. It involves technical assessments, strategic considerations, and geopolitical implications. While the Su-57 offers significant capabilities that could bolster India’s air force, unresolved concerns about stealth, engine performance, and technology transfer remain critical barriers. Moreover, the geopolitical landscape, particularly the risk of U.S. sanctions, adds a layer of complexity to the decision. Ultimately, India’s choice will reflect its broader defence strategy, balancing immediate security needs with its long-term vision for technological autonomy and regional influence.