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596: FUTURE TRENDS OF FIGHTER AIRCRAFT

 

 

My article was published in the SP Aviation’s Yearbook in February 2025.

 

The evolution of fighter aircraft, a testament to the unyielding quest for air superiority and technological dominance, is a journey that never ceases to amaze. It’s a captivating journey punctuated by lightning-fast technological strides, dynamic tactical doctrines, and the ever-shifting demands of aerial combat. The ability of these machines to adapt and evolve, constantly morphing to meet the needs of modern warfare, is truly awe-inspiring.

 

Historical Evolution. The first fighter aircraft made their debut during World War I. They were basic biplanes constructed from wood and fabric, primarily used for reconnaissance. As machine guns were installed, their role evolved to dogfighting. With significant technological advancements, aircraft transitioned to more robust metal frames during interwar. World War II propelled fighter aircraft development. Speed, agility, and firepower skyrocketed. The war’s end witnessed the advent of jet propulsion, signifying the shift from piston engines to jet engines. The Cold War era saw the birth of supersonic fighters and the introduction of guided missiles. Aircraft like the F-86 Sabre and MiG-15 gained fame during the Korean War, marking a significant shift in aerial combat. Later, more advanced fighters like the F-4 Phantom II and MiG-21 emerged, capable of air superiority and ground attack roles. The latest generation of fighters, such as the F-22 Raptor and F-35 Lightning II from the United States and the Su-57 from Russia, are designed with a strong emphasis on stealth, advanced avionics, and multirole capabilities. China also boasts that its indigenous Chengdu J-20 and Shenyang FC-31 are of equal calibre. These latest fighter aircraft are engineered to dominate in electronic warfare environments and execute various missions, demonstrating modern fighter aircraft’s diverse roles and capabilities.

 

Classification of Fighter Aircraft

 

The classification of fighter jets into different generations is a testimony to the pivotal role of technological innovation in shaping these aircraft’s evolution.  Each generation represents a particular class of technology used in the aircraft, such as avionics, systems, design, features, engines, and weapons. A higher generation signifies a more technologically advanced aircraft. A generational shift occurs when a technological innovation cannot be incorporated into an existing aircraft through upgrades and retrospective fit-outs. The primary classification of fighter aircraft into five generations, with the development of a sixth generation underway, is widely accepted and recognised. Some accounts have further subdivided the 4th generation into 4 and 4.5, or 4+ and 4++.

 

    • The first generation of subsonic jet fighters emerged during and after the final years of World War II, a period marked by significant technological and geopolitical changes. Similar to their piston-engine contemporaries, these aircraft were primarily made of wood and light alloy and had generally straight wings. Their main feature was a significant speed increase over their predecessors, which they achieved with the introduction of the swept wing. They were equipped with basic avionic systems, no radars or self-protection countermeasures, and were armed with machine guns or cannons and unguided bombs and rockets.  These aircraft were primarily designed for the air-superiority interceptor role. Examples of this generation include Meteor, de Havilland Vampire, F-86 Sabre, McDonnell FH-1 Phantom, and Mig 15 and 17.

 

    • The second generation of fighter jets, a product of significant technological breakthroughs and lessons learned from aerial warfare, notably the Korean War of 1950-1953, saw substantial advancements. These aircraft had higher speeds, including sustained transonic and supersonic dash capabilities, and featured rudimentary fire control radar and the use of guided air-to-air missiles. The second-generation fighters also incorporated advances in engine design, such as afterburners and aerodynamics, like swept wings, which allowed them to reach and sustain supersonic speeds in level flight. They introduced air-to-air radar, infrared and semi-active guided missiles, and radar warning receivers. While air-to-air combat was still within visual range, radar-guided missiles extended the engagement ranges and accuracy. The aircraft were divided into interceptors and fighter-bombers based on their roles. Examples of this generation include Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, MiG-19 and 21, Hawker Hunter, and Dassault Mirage III.

 

    • The third generation of fighters, a significant milestone in the evolution of fighter aircraft, were designed to be multirole fighters capable of performing air defence and ground attack missions. They could carry a wide range of weapons, such as air-to-ground missiles and laser-guided bombs, while also engaging in air-to-air interception beyond visual range. These aircraft could sustain supersonic flight, carrying improved fire control radars, semi-active air-to-air missiles, and the first generation of tactical electronic warfare systems. The advent of more economical turbofan engines brought extended range and endurance, increased thrust, better performance and manoeuvrability. Some designers even resorted to variable geometry or vector thrust. This generation witnessed significant enhancements in the avionic suites and weapon systems. The supporting avionics included pulse-doppler radar, off-sight targeting and terrain-warning systems. Doppler radar supported a ‘lookdown/shoot-down’ capability with off-bore-sight targeting and semi-active guided radio frequency missiles. The significant change brought about by this generation of aircraft was that it was no longer necessary to visually acquire opponents to neutralise them and gain control of the air. Some examples include the McDonnell Douglas F4H Phantom, Mig-23 and Mig-25, Sukhoi series (15-22), British Aerospace Harrier, and Dassault Mirage F-1.

 

    • Fourth-generation jet fighters debuted in the mid-1970s and are still used in most air forces. This generation is the longest-lasting of the five generations so far. This generation of fighter jets is mostly multi-role aircraft that can switch and swing roles between air-to-air and air-to-ground, unlike the previous role-dedicated aircraft. This, in turn, blurred the distinction between air defence and ground attack missions. Fly-by-wire control systems improved the manoeuvrability of these aircraft at the expense of aerodynamic instability. These aircraft introduced more efficient and powerful turbofan jet engines, allowing greater than one thrust-to-weight ratio. The use of composite materials in their construction revolutionised stealth technology. Electronics was the essential part of these aircraft, including ‘look-down’ Doppler fire-control radars, fly-by-wire flight control systems, integral and podded EO/IR targeting sensors, laser and GPS-guided precision weapons, active air-to-air missiles, heads-up displays, and improved electronic warfare systems. Grumman F-14 Tomcat, McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle and F-18 Hornet, General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, MiG-29 and MiG-31, Sukhoi Su-27, Dassault Mirage 2000, Saab Viggen, Chengdu J-10, and Hindustan LCA are some of the examples.

 

    • Four-and-a-half generation jet fighters emerged in the late 1980s and ’90s. The 4.5 generation aircraft are fourth-generation fighters with essential characteristics of fourth-generation planes but enhanced capabilities provided by more advanced technologies seen in fifth-generation fighters. The concept of having a half-generation increment stemmed from a forced reduction in military spending at the end of the Cold War, resulting in a restriction on aircraft development. It became more cost-effective to add new, improved features to existing platforms. Later variants of 4th gen aircraft progressively enhanced their characteristic technologies and incorporated emerging fifth-generation technologies, leading them to be classified as an intermediate generation (4.5 4+ or 4++). These aircraft have advanced digital avionics based on microchip technology and highly integrated systems. They are adapted to operate in high-tech warfare where avionic and super manoeuvrability is the key to success. Their features include stealth, radar absorbent materials, thrust vector controlled engines, greater weapons carriage capacity and extended range and endurance. Adding an Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar is a significant enough game-changing combat capability. The AESA radar allows fighter aircraft to perform a limited Airborne Early Warning and Control function. Advances in computer technology and data links also allowed 4.5 generation fighters to be integrated into a network-centric battle space where fighter aircraft have much greater scope to conduct multi-role missions. Examples include Boeing F-18E/F Super Hornet, Sukhoi Su-30/33/35, Eurofighter Typhoon, Saab Gripen, and Dassault Rafale.

 

    • A fifth-generation fighter is a jet fighter aircraft that includes major technologies developed during the first part of the 21st century. As of date, these are the most advanced fighters in operation. A quantum improvement in the fighter’s lethality and survivability has been a qualifying requirement to achieve generational change in aircraft design. The characteristics of a fifth-generation fighter are not universally agreed upon. The technologies that best epitomise fifth-generation fighters are advanced integrated avionics systems that provide the pilot with a complete picture of the battle space and the use of low observable “stealth” techniques. 5th Generation AC typically includes stealth, low-probability-of-intercept radar (LPIR), agile airframes with supercruise performance, advanced avionics features, and highly integrated computer systems capable of networking with other elements within the battle space for situation awareness and C3 (command, control and communications) capabilities. Improved situational awareness is achieved through multi-spectral sensors located across all aspects of the airframe, allowing the pilot to ‘look’ through the aircraft’s airframe without having to manoeuvre the fighter to obtain a 360-degree picture. These aircraft are also ‘born’ and networked, allowing them to receive, share, and store information to enhance the battle space picture. Fifth generation fighter capabilities are largely defined by their software, and the ongoing development of their software will ensure they maintain their edge against evolving threats. Fifth-generation aircraft allow the pilot to maintain decision superiority over an adversary. This provides greater chances of survivability, which, combined with effective lethality, assures battle space dominance. Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor and F-35, Sukhoi T-50 PAK FA / Sukhoi Su-57, and J-20/J-31 are some of the examples.

 

Future Trends

 

For a long time, military aviation doctrines and requirements drove technology. Today, technologies offer enhanced capabilities that are driving operational employment and tactics. Technological advancements, automation, and design innovation are poised to define the future of fighter aircraft. Discussing fighter aircraft’s future trends involves strategic changes shaping the next generation of aerial combat. These trends highlight the direction in which future fighter aircraft are heading, focusing on enhanced capabilities to maintain air superiority in evolving combat environments.

 

    • Stealth and Low Observable Technologies: Future fighters will continue to push the boundaries of stealth technology to evade radar detection. This includes advanced materials, shape designs, and coatings that reduce the aircraft’s visibility to enemy sensors. Reducing infrared and electronic signatures will also be crucial to avoid detection by modern and future sensors.

 

    • Artificial Intelligence and Automation: Enhanced cockpit interfaces and augmented reality systems would improve the pilot’s situational awareness. AI will assist in decision-making, target detection/recognition, and autonomous flight operations, reducing pilot workload and enhancing mission efficiency. Swarm technology and autonomous drones will likely operate alongside manned fighters, providing reconnaissance, electronic warfare, and additional firepower.

 

    • Network-Centric Warfare: Future fighters will be part of a highly integrated network, sharing data with other aircraft, ground forces, and naval units in real time. Enhanced secure communication systems will be crucial to prevent jamming and ensure reliable information exchange for coordinated operations. Real-time battlefield awareness would be provided through advanced communication networks and sensor integration.

 

    • Hypersonic Capabilities: The development of aircraft capable of travelling at hypersonic speeds (Mach 5 and above) will reduce adversaries’ reaction time. Enhanced propulsion systems would help achieve and sustain these speeds.

 

    • Advanced Weapon Systems: Directed energy weapons (lasers and microwave weapons) would be integrated for offensive and defensive purposes. Long-range, high-precision missiles and advanced electronic warfare systems would be integrated to provide precise, high-speed targeting capability. Future weaponry would utilise scramjets to produce faster missiles.

 

    • Advanced Propulsion Systems: The focus would be on fuel-efficient engines and alternative propulsion methods like hybrid-electric systems. Adaptive engines could alter their performance characteristics on the fly to optimise speed, range, and fuel efficiency. Adaptive engine technology allows longer ranges and higher performance, where the bypass and compression airflow ratio can vary to improve efficiency. A variable-cycle engine could configure itself to act like a turbojet at supersonic speeds while performing like a high-bypass turbofan for efficient cruising at slower speeds. Exploration of alternative, sustainable, and efficient fuel would continue to enhance operational performance and reduce logistical dependencies.

 

    • Modular and Flexible Design: Aircraft designs will be more modular, allowing for quick upgrades and customisation-based adaptability to various mission requirements. Design flexibility would allow the integration of newer technologies without complete aircraft redesigns.

 

    • Omni-role Capabilities: The emphasis will be on Omni-role functionality, which enables a single aircraft to perform various roles (air-to-air, air-to-ground, reconnaissance, and electronic warfare missions) simultaneously.

 

    • Enhanced Situational Awareness: Future fighters will feature enhanced sensor suites, including radar, electro-optical, infrared, and electronic warfare sensors. Improved helmet-mounted displays (HMD) will provide pilots with critical data directly in their line of sight.

 

    • Improved Survivability and Resilience: The aircraft would have enhanced countermeasures against electronic warfare, cyber threats, and physical attacks. More resilient airframes and systems would be developed to withstand extreme combat conditions.

 

Sixth Generation Fighter Aircraft. With the fifth generation coming into service, attention is already turning to a replacement sixth generation. Sixth-generation aircraft are still in the development phase; however, based on current trends in air technology, they are likely to have several key features that will shape air strategy in the future. The fifth-generation abilities for battlefield survivability, air superiority and ground support will need to be enhanced and adapted to the future threat environment. Development time and cost will likely be significant factors in laying practical roadmaps for sixth-generation aircraft. These aircraft could feature hypersonic speed, dual-mode engines, and adaptive shapes. They are likely to have increased automation with advanced AI and machine learning algorithms that will enable autonomous decision-making and allow them to adapt to changing situations quickly. Integrated sensor systems in these aircraft will provide comprehensive situational awareness and the ability to engage targets with great precision. They would also have enhanced stealth capabilities. At this stage, it is unclear to what extent drones and other remote unmanned technologies can participate, either as satellite aircraft under a sixth-generation command fighter or even replacing the pilot in an autonomous or semi-autonomous command aircraft. Sixth-generation aircraft are expected to impact air strategy significantly, changing the landscape of aerial combat. Some of the ongoing, notable future fighter programs are:-

 

 

    • NGAD (Next Generation Air Dominance): A U.S. Air Force program aiming to develop a family of systems, including a sixth-generation fighter, to succeed the F-22 Raptor. USAF is looking at not just an aircraft but a system of systems, including communications, space capabilities, stand-off, and stand-in options, including platforms with incredible speed, range, stealth and self-healing structures. F/A-XX: A U.S. Navy program for a next-generation fighter to replace the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet.

 

    • FCAS FCAS (Future Combat Air System): A collaborative and ambitious effort by France, Germany, and Spain to develop a sixth-generation fighter and an associated system of systems. A two-year Joint Concept Study (JCS) had been awarded to Dassault Aviation and Airbus for the Future Combat Air System (FCAS) programme to look into the System of Systems approach with associated next-generation services. The Future Combat Air System (FCAS) is one of the century’s most ambitious European defence programmes to replace the Eurofighter, Tornado and Rafale.

 

    • Tempest: Tempest is a UK-led program with Italy and Sweden to develop a sixth-generation fighter jet. It is being developed by a consortium of the UK Ministry of Defence, BAE Systems, Rolls-Royce, Leonardo and The first flight is expected in the 2030s, to enter service in 2035, replacing the Eurofighter Typhoon. The Tempest will be a sixth-generation fighter incorporating several new technologies, including AI deep learning and directed Energy Weapons, an adaptive cycle engine and a virtual cockpit. It could be optionally manned and have swarming technology to control drones.

 

    • Sukhoi Su-57: In Russia, the FGFA Sukhoi Su-57 is just being inducted, and work is being done on its sixth-generation version with continuous upgrades and enhancements. The Mikoyan MiG-41 is reportedly a sixth-generation jet fighter-interceptor aircraft currently being developed for the Russian Air Force.

 

    • Chengdu J-20 and Shenyang FC-31: China’s fifth-generation fighters with potential future developments toward sixth-generation capabilities. China is still evolving its J-20 and J-31, overcoming the limitations on radar, avionics and engine technologies. Chinese sixth-generation aircraft (J-XX) is called Huolong (Fire Dragon).

 

    • Japan’s Mitsubishi F-3 sixth-generation fighter is being tested on the Mitsubishi X-2 Shinshin test bed. It would be based on the concept of informed and intelligent aircraft.

 

What Next after Sixth Generation:  Predicting the specific features of future aerial platforms involves speculation, but several potential features could be considered for future aircraft and drones based on current trends and technological advancements. Actual features of future aerial platforms will depend on various factors, including technological breakthroughs, military and strategic priorities, and budget considerations. Continuous advancements in materials science, artificial intelligence, and aerospace engineering will likely play a crucial role in shaping the capabilities of future aerial platforms.

 

    • They could be made of Nano-tech with adaptive and morphing structures, allowing for dynamic changes in shape and aerodynamics. Depending on the attempted manoeuvre, they could morph into many aerodynamic forms, improving overall efficiency and manoeuvrability. For increased durability and performance, they could be made using lightweight and robust materials, such as advanced composites and nano-materials.

 

    • They could fly up to and in outer space (upper Stratosphere or lower Mesosphere). They would be highly responsive and have hypersonic speed capability. Alternative fuels, improved propulsion systems, or even the integration of renewable energy sources would make them highly energy efficient. They may use high energy-to-weight ratio fuels (e.g. liquid methane).

 

    • They would have Advanced Sensor Technologies, such as improved imaging systems, sensors for environmental monitoring, and enhanced data fusion capabilities for better situational awareness. They could have a VR cockpit concept, presenting a 360-degree spherical view with no blind spots. They could have advanced voice-activated controls, be remotely piloted, AI-controlled, or highly autonomous with improved decision-making capabilities. They would be capable of operating individually or collaboratively as a swarm.

 

    • They would be armed with Directed Energy Weapons. They would be fully stealthy, with low radar, visual, noise, and electromagnetic signatures. For self-protection, they could have energy shields or cloaking devices.

 

 Indian Perspective

 

The IAF operates fourth-generation fighters (upgraded Mirage 2000, MiG-29, and Su 30 MKI) and four-and-a-half-generation Rafale aircraft. India’s collaborative attempt with Russia to develop a Fifth-Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA) ran into severe roadblocks and was abandoned. The development of indigenous fighter aircraft was initially slow but has picked up pace. LCA Tejas has been inducted, and the IAF is awaiting the induction of LCA MkII.

 

The Indian fifth-generation fighter aircraft project, Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA), is in the development stage. AMCA will be a single-seat, twin-engine, stealth, super-manoeuvrable all-weather multirole fighter aircraft. It will be AI-enabled, with multi-sensor data fusion and an advanced cockpit providing high situational awareness. It is intended to be super-manoeuvrable with quadruple digital FBW, voice command, and the HOTAS concept, capable of autonomous mission execution. Its first flight is planned for 2024-25, with the induction of MKI in 2031 and MKII in 2035. These timelines seem optimistic, and the project needs impetus to overcome challenges related to developing indigenous engines, electronics and weapon systems.

 

India’s DPSU Hindustan Aeronautics Limited has also announced the development of a futuristic Combat Air Team (Loyal Wingman Concept). It is a composite amalgamation of a manned fighter aircraft acting as a “mother ship” supported by several swarming UAVs and UCAVs. The objective is to make artificially intelligent (AI) high-altitude surveillance drones, air launch platforms, and loitering munitions with full situational awareness to target enemy targets from longer distances without human intervention.

 

India faces a security challenge from two collusive, nuclear-powered, inimical neighbours. While self-reliance is the way forward, the minimum level of deterrence must always be maintained. The success of the leapfrog method of development and investment in future technology is the need of the hour.

 

Suggestions and value additions are most welcome.

 

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References and credits

To all the online sites and channels.

References

  1. John Stillion, “Trends in air-to-air combat implications for future air superiority”, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessment, 2015
  2. “Top sixth-generation fighter jets”, Air Force Technology, Feature, 20 Nov 2020.
  1. Andrew McLaughlin, “Air Combat Operations 2025 and Beyond” Sir Richard Williams  Foundation,  Seminar Executive Summary, Apr 2014.
  1. Air Marshal Anil Chopra (Retd), “Next Generation Air Dominance”, Journal of the United Service Institution of India, Vol. CXLVIII, No. 614, October-December 2018.
  1. Aaron Mehta, Valerie Insinna and David B Larter, “What’s going on with America’s next fighter designs?” Defence News, Jul 16, 2018.
  1. Amrita Nayak Dutta, “All about India’s Indigenous fifth-gen fighter jet Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA), and why it is important”, Indian Express, 10 Mar 2024.
  1. IMR Reporter, “HAL Working on Manned-Unmanned Combat Air Teaming system”, Indian Military Review, 25 Jul 2022.
  1. Air Marshal Anil Chopra (Retd), “Emerging Technologies for Sixth-Generation Combat Aircraft”, International Defence Review, Issue Vol. 34.3 Jul-Sep 2019, Dated 12 Dec 2020.

Disclaimer:

Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.

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595: AERO INDIA 2025 AND KEY SOLUTIONS FOR IAF’S CHALLENGES

 

 

My Article published in the SP Aviation’s

Aero India  special e-magazine on 10 Feb 25.

 

Aero India. Aero India is a premier aerospace and defence exhibition held biennially in India, serving as a vital platform to showcase the nation’s advancements in aviation technology, defence capabilities, and aerospace innovation. Organised by the Ministry of Defence, it attracts global defence manufacturers, policymakers, and military leaders, fostering collaboration and strategic partnerships. The event aligns with India’s “Atmanirbhar Bharat” (self-reliant India) initiative, emphasising indigenous manufacturing and technology development. Aero India is crucial in enabling collaborations with global players and enhancing India’s defence exports and procurement programs. The event highlights key emerging trends, including artificial intelligence, space-based defence systems, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).  Overall, Aero India is a crucial event that strengthens India’s defence ecosystem.

 

IAF Challenges. The Indian Air Force (IAF) faces significant challenges due to shortages in fighter aircraft, force multipliers, and key operational assets, impacting its ability to meet long-term strategic goals. One of the most pressing concerns is the shortfall in fighter squadrons. While the induction of advanced platforms such as the Rafale has boosted capability, the slow pace of procurement and delays in indigenous programs like the Tejas Mark 2 and the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) have created capability gaps. The IAF also faces shortages in critical force multipliers such as Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW&C) systems, aerial refuelling tankers, and drones essential for extending the operational reach and maintaining air superiority in prolonged conflicts. Additionally, the service faces numerous other challenges. Progress remains slow despite efforts to address these issues through the Make in India initiative and increased defence budgets. Bridging these gaps requires accelerated procurement and streamlined production of indigenous platforms.

 

Adversarial Threats. The Indian Air Force (IAF) faces growing challenges due to the rapid modernisation and expansion of both the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) and the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF), which are enhancing their capabilities through advanced platforms and strategic cooperation. With significant support from China, the PAF has made notable progress in fleet modernisation by inducting advanced fighter jets such as the JF-17 Thunder Block III, equipped with AESA radars and beyond-visual-range (BVR) missiles. The PAF’s procurement of Chinese J-10C fighters, featuring advanced avionics and electronic warfare capabilities, has further narrowed the technological gap with the IAF. Pakistan’s focus on enhancing its air defence network, integrating long-range surface-to-air missile systems (SAMs), and investing in unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs) pose asymmetric threats to India’s air dominance. Meanwhile, the PLAAF presents an even greater challenge with its rapid expansion and technological advancements. China’s deployment of fifth-generation stealth fighters such as the J-20 and an extensive fleet of modern aircraft like the J-16 and H-6K bombers enhances its capability for long-range strikes and air superiority missions. It has even flown the sixth generation prototypes. The PLAAF’s focus on network-centric warfare, integrating artificial intelligence, electronic warfare, and space-based assets, gives it a strategic edge. Furthermore, China’s expanding airbases in Tibet and Xinjiang, with enhanced infrastructure and support systems, allow for sustained air operations along the Indian border. The combined threat from the PAF and PLAAF places immense pressure on the IAF to modernise its fleet rapidly, enhance its force multipliers, and enhance its operational readiness.

 

Aero India 2025.  Aero India 2025 presents a crucial opportunity for the Indian Air Force (IAF) to address its operational challenges by exploring advanced aerospace and defence technology solutions. It would provide a critical opportunity to find sustainable solutions through international collaboration and Indigenous innovation. The IAF must leverage the event to accelerate procurement, foster strategic partnerships, and enhance Indigenous capabilities. Furthermore, global defence suppliers (foreign and Domestic) would gain an understanding of India’s military modernisation plans.

 

Major Challenges Faced by the Indian Air Force

 

Squadron Strength Shortfall. One of the most significant challenges for the IAF is the depletion of fighter squadrons. The sanctioned strength of 42 squadrons is essential to counter a potential two-front war scenario. However, the IAF currently operates around 31-33 squadrons, mainly due to the phased retirement of ageing MiG-21s and delays in acquiring replacements. The induction of platforms such as the Rafale has helped, but further acquisitions and indigenous production are crucial to bridge the gap.

 

Force Multiplier Shortages. The Indian Air Force (IAF) faces challenges in enhancing its force multiplier capabilities, which are critical for maintaining a strategic edge in modern warfare. Force multipliers such as airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) systems, mid-air refuelling tankers, electronic warfare (EW) platforms, drones, and advanced intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) assets play a pivotal role in extending the IAF’s operational reach and effectiveness. However, the current fleet of these assets is limited, constraining the IAF’s ability to sustain prolonged operations, especially in high-intensity conflict scenarios.

 

Dependence on Imported Technology. Despite significant strides in indigenous production, the IAF remains dependent on foreign suppliers for critical platforms, components, and weapon systems. This dependence affects operational readiness and strategic autonomy, making accelerating domestic research and development imperative.

 

Adapting to Changes in Warfare. The Indian Air Force (IAF) faces significant challenges in adapting to the rapidly evolving nature of modern warfare, characterised by advancements in technology, cyber threats, and the increasing importance of multi-domain operations. The growing emphasis on unmanned systems, artificial intelligence, and network-centric warfare demands a paradigm shift in operational tactics and procurement strategies. Cyber security threats also pose a significant risk, as adversaries invest heavily in electronic and information warfare capabilities. The IAF must enhance its capabilities in space-based surveillance, drone warfare, and electronic warfare to stay ahead in a rapidly changing battlefield environment.

 

Infrastructure Challenges. The Indian Air Force (IAF) also faces infrastructure challenges that directly impact its operational readiness, modernisation efforts, and ability to respond swiftly to emerging threats. One of the concerns is the airbases, particularly those located in remote and strategically sensitive regions in the northeastern states. Many of these bases require substantial upgrades to support the deployment and maintenance of modern fighter jets. The lack of sufficient hardened aircraft shelters (HAS) and blast pens leaves critical assets vulnerable to enemy strikes, especially in high-tension areas like Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh. Another challenge is the storage and handling of advanced weaponry and ammunition. Modern air warfare demands the deployment of precision-guided munitions, long-range missiles, and advanced electronic warfare suites, all requiring specialised storage and maintenance infrastructure.

 

Maintenance and Logistics Challenges. The Indian Air Force (IAF) faces maintenance and logistics challenges impacting operational readiness and efficiency. With a diverse fleet comprising legacy aircraft alongside modern platforms, maintaining a seamless supply chain for spare parts and repairs is a complex task. Dependence on foreign suppliers for critical components often leads to delays due to geopolitical and logistical hurdles. IAF’s maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) infrastructure and supply chain management require upgrades to meet the demands of modern warfare.

 

Expected Solutions

 

To mitigate its challenges, the Indian Air Force (IAF) must prioritise modernisation, self-reliance, and operational efficiency. Investing in indigenous production under the “Make in India” initiative can reduce dependency on foreign suppliers and ensure a steady supply of spare parts.  Strengthening force multipliers such as AWACS, aerial refuelling, drones, and ISR assets is crucial for strategic superiority. Improved logistics management and cyber security enhancements will further bolster the IAF’s combat readiness in future conflicts. Upgrading maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) facilities and adopting advanced technologies like artificial intelligence and predictive maintenance will enhance fleet availability. Aero India 2025 will be a convergence point for industry leaders, defence manufacturers, and policymakers to explore solutions to these pressing challenges. Some of the thrust areas include:-

 

Capability vis-à-vis Capacity. Warfighting capabilities and the capacity to sustain operations are both essential. It is a combination of quality and quantity. While the capabilities of Indian air power (e.g., reach, high altitude operations, precision, standoff, all-weather operations, airlift capability, etc.) have developed well, the numerical strength of air assets like fighter aircraft, combat enablers, AWACS, AAR, Drones, etc., needs to be increased.

 

Aircraft Type and Capability. The type of aircraft being used, their capabilities, payload capacity, and mission versatility significantly affect how effectively and efficiently air operations can be sustained. Therefore, a balance between quality and quantity needs to be maintained. In the Indian context, besides inducting the LCA to make up the numbers, an adequate number of advanced fighter aircraft must also be inducted. Aero India 2025 will showcase options for modern fighter jets to augment the IAF’s capabilities.

 

Boosting Indigenous Production. In the long run, Self-reliance is the only way. The Indian Air Force has always encouraged the development of indigenous defence production capability, and it is one of its key result areas. The event will emphasise indigenous defence production under the Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat initiatives. It will also focus on partnerships with global defence companies for technology transfer, joint ventures, and local manufacturing of critical systems such as engines, avionics, and radars.

 

Advanced Force Multipliers. In addition to increasing their numbers, integrating force multipliers seamlessly with combat aircraft and ground-based systems requires advanced networking and data-sharing capabilities. To overcome these challenges, the IAF must accelerate indigenous development, enhance interoperability with allied forces, and invest in cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence and space-based ISR to bolster its force multiplier capabilities and maintain air superiority in future conflicts. Aero India 2025 will provide a platform to evaluate and procure force multipliers such as AEW&C systems, aerial tankers, drones, and enhanced electronic warfare systems.

 

Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) and Drone Warfare. The use of unmanned platforms and systems is growing in warfare. This shift is expected to continue as technology advances and the capabilities of unmanned systems improve further. Drones of various sizes and capabilities are taking over the tasks of conventional platforms. Their use is spread across the entire spectrum of threats, ranging from sub-conventional and conventional to long-range attacks. Investment in anti-drone systems is also a need of the hour. Aero India 2025 will showcase the latest advancements in Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles (UCAVs), drone swarms, and counter-drone technologies—Indigenous platforms such as the DRDO’s Rustom and Tapas UAVs.

 

Situational Awareness & Decision Making. One effect of advanced technology on air warfare is the increased pace and intensity of air operations. In such a scenario, the decision-making process must quickly keep up with the OODA cycle. The three most important contributing factors are high situational awareness, a robust and fast network system for information sharing, and AI-based decision-support systems. The solutions may be found in the Aero India.

 

Space-Based Capabilities.  The term airpower has changed to aerospace power, with the aerial warfare envelope expanding to the space domain. Space-based systems and applications are embedded in every aspect of aerial warfare. In Grey zone warfare, the involvement of space-based equipment and systems is even larger. Space-based systems are becoming increasingly crucial in air warfare, providing capabilities such as navigation, targeting, communication, early warning of missile launches and space-based surveillance.  The integration of these systems with air assets is expected to continue, providing new opportunities for offensive and defensive operations. Aero India 2025 will highlight these solutions and satellite-based intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR), with the possibility of collaboration with ISRO and global space technology firms.

 

Cyber and Electronic Warfare Capabilities. Aero India 2025 will emphasise the need to strengthen the IAF’s capabilities in electronic warfare and cyber defence. Solutions like AI-driven cyber threat detection, electronic jamming systems, and next-generation radar technologies will likely be showcased.

 

Investment in Technology.  The Air Force is a technology-intensive service; converting technology into capability is time-consuming. To stay on top of the challenges, there is a need to invest in emerging technologies and ideate about their use in warfare. Technologies impacting the air war include quantum computing, hypersonics, AI, unmanned platforms (including drones and swarm technology), and a network-centric environment. Defence companies would display new defence systems incorporating these technologies.

 

Loyal Wing Man Concept. Both man- and unmanned platforms have their respective advantages and disadvantages. The thought process for the next generation of platforms is to harness both benefits and develop networked systems in which both can work in an integrated manner. Research is being done in many countries on the “loyal wingman” concept. HAL is likely to disclose the progress of its CATS Program.

 

Hypersonic. The development of hypersonic platforms and weapons will likely significantly impact air strategy. Hypersonic weapons provide new opportunities for rapid response and long-range strike capabilities with precision. They also pose new challenges in terms of protection and air defence.  The high speed and unpredictability of hypersonic weapons will require the development of new air defence strategies, as traditional air defence systems may be unable to detect or intercept these weapons. This could lead to the development of new technologies, such as directed energy weapons or advanced sensors, to counter the threat posed by hypersonic weapons. Also, protective infrastructure would be required to withstand these weapons’ destructive power. These aspects would find their way into Aero India.

 

Smart Training Aids. The Indian Air Force (IAF) is leveraging modern training aids such as simulators, artificial intelligence (AI), and virtual reality (VR) to enhance combat readiness and operational efficiency. Advanced flight simulators provide realistic, mission-specific training while reducing costs and wear on actual aircraft. AI-driven analytics help personalise training programs, analyse pilot performance, and optimise mission planning. VR technology immerses trainees in highly realistic combat environments, improving situational awareness and decision-making under pressure. These cutting-edge training solutions would find a place in the air show.

 

Smart Logistics and Supply Chain Management. Efficient and reliable logistics networks and supply chains are crucial for providing fuel, ammunition, weapons, spare parts, other critical supplies, and resources to sustain air operations. Well-maintained supply chains are essential for operational readiness and sustaining a protracted conflict. Industry leaders will present solutions to streamline the IAF’s logistical operations, including tools powered by artificial intelligence, automated inventory management, and improved supply chain networks to ensure the availability of critical spare parts.

 

Conclusion. Aero India 2025 represents a significant opportunity for the IAF to address its critical challenges and prepare for future readiness. By leveraging cutting-edge technologies, fostering international collaborations, and enhancing indigenous capabilities, the IAF can address the existing gaps. The outcomes of Aero India 2025 will have far-reaching strategic implications for India’s air power capabilities. The event will catalyse India’s vision of becoming a self-reliant aerospace and defence powerhouse, ensuring a robust, future-ready air force.

 

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References:-

  1. “Modernizing the Indian Air Force: Issues and Challenges” – Journal of Strategic Studies
  1. “The Role of Aerospace Technology in Enhancing National Security” – Defence and Technology Journal
  1. “India’s Aerospace Industry: Present Challenges and Future Directions” – Economic and Political Weekly

Government Reports & White Papers

  1. “Aero India 2025: Indian Aerospace and Defence Industry Report” – Ministry of Defence, India
  1. “Aero India 2025: What to Expect?” – The Economic Times
  1. “India’s Aerospace Industry in 2025: A Strategic Overview” – India Today
  1. “How Aero India is Shaping Future Air Combat” – The Hindu
  1. “The Role of Technology in the Modernisation of the Indian Air Force” – Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA)
  1. “Challenges and Solutions in Air Force Modernisation” – Centre for Air Power Studies (CAPS)

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Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.

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533: LEARNING FROM ISRAELI DEFENCE FORCES (PART II: Lessons from Notable Operations Conducted by the Israeli Defence Forces)

 

My Article published on the Chanakya forum Website

on 16 Nov 24

 

Pic: Courtesy Internet

 

The Israel Defence Forces (IDF) has conducted numerous military operations since its establishment in 1948.  Given Israel’s complex security environment, these operations combine defensive actions, counterterrorism efforts, and strategic pre-emptive strikes to maintain security. These operations are primarily driven by the need to protect Israel from external threats, insurgent groups, and regional conflicts.

 

Notable Operations Conducted by Israeli Defence Forces.

 

The Israel Defence Forces (IDF) has conducted numerous military operations since its establishment in 1948. Given Israel’s complex security environment, these operations combine defensive actions, counterterrorism efforts, and strategic pre-emptive strikes to maintain security. These operations are primarily driven by the need to protect Israel from external threats, insurgent groups, and regional conflicts.

 

1948 Arab-Israeli War (War of Independence). This war was to defend the newly created State of Israel against the invasion of Arab armies (Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, and others) following the UN’s partition plan. Israel successfully defended itself and expanded its borders beyond the original UN partition plan, although Jerusalem remained divided.

 

1956 Suez Crisis (Operation Kadesh). Israel, alongside Britain and France, aimed to seize control of the Suez Canal after Egypt’s President Nasser nationalised it. Israel also sought to eliminate the threat of Egyptian-fed Fedayeen fighters in the Sinai Peninsula. Israel captured the Sinai Peninsula but withdrew under international pressure, especially from the U.S. and Soviet Union.

 

1967 Six-Day War. Israel carried out a pre-emptive strike against Egypt, Syria, and Jordan, who were mobilising forces near Israel’s borders. The aim was to neutralise immediate military threats. A decisive Israeli victory resulted in the capture of the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights.

 

1973 Yom Kippur War. A surprise attack by Egypt and Syria during Yom Kippur, a major Jewish holiday, was aimed to reverse Israeli territorial gains from the Six-Day War. Israeli forces defending the attack initially suffered significant losses but ultimately repelled the attacks, maintaining its territorial control. The war led to the eventual peace treaty with Egypt.

 

Operation Entebbe (1976). One of the IDF’s most famous operations, this mission involved the rescue of hostages from a hijacked Air France plane in Uganda. Commandos from Sayeret Matkal, the elite Special Forces unit, flew over 2,500 miles to execute the mission, successfully freeing 102 hostages. The operation is considered one of the most daring hostage rescues in history.

 

Operation Opera (1981). In this pre-emptive airstrike, the Israeli Air Force bombed Iraq’s Osirak nuclear reactor near Baghdad to prevent Saddam Hussein from acquiring nuclear weapons. The successful strike eliminated the threat of Iraq developing nuclear capabilities and showcased Israel’s proactive defence strategy.

 

1982 Lebanon War (Operation Peace for Galilee). The objective of this operation was to expel the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which was launching attacks on northern Israel from southern Lebanon. The IDF succeeded in driving the PLO out of Lebanon, but the operation evolved into a long-term military occupation of south Lebanon, leading to a protracted conflict with Hezbollah.

 

First Intifada (1987–1993). The aim was to suppress the Palestinian uprising (Intifada) in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, which involved widespread protests, strikes, and violent clashes with the IDF. The Intifada led to the Oslo Accords in 1993, marking the first direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).

 

Operation Defensive Shield (2002). This operation was launched during the Second Intifada and aimed to dismantle terrorist infrastructure in the West Bank. The IDF entered major Palestinian cities to arrest militants, gather intelligence, and destroy weapons caches. It was one of the largest ground operations conducted by the IDF since the 1982 Lebanon War.  The IDF regained control of key West Bank cities and reduced terrorist activity, but the conflict continued for several years.

 

2006 Lebanon War.  Israel’s response to the abduction of two Israeli soldiers by Hezbollah militants led to an escalation in hostilities. The war aimed to neutralise Hezbollah’s missile threat and dismantle its infrastructure in southern Lebanon. The war ended in a ceasefire brokered by the UN, but Hezbollah remained a potent force in Lebanon. The conflict was marked by heavy rocket fire in northern Israel and significant destruction in Lebanon.

 

Operation Cast Lead (2008–2009). This operation was in response to persistent rocket fire from Hamas in Gaza by launching a major offensive aimed at crippling Hamas’ military infrastructure and stopping rocket attacks. The three-week operation targeted Hamas infrastructure in the Gaza Strip after years of rocket attacks on southern Israel. The IDF used airstrikes, naval bombardments, and ground operations to weaken Hamas’ military capabilities and rocket-launching systems. The IDF achieved its goal of reducing Hamas’ rocket capabilities, but the operation resulted in significant civilian casualties in Gaza and international criticism.

 

Operation Pillar of Defence (2012). The operation was aimed at halting rocket fire from Gaza into Israel, and this operation focused on degrading Hamas’ rocket infrastructure and eliminating critical militant leaders. The operation primarily relied on precision airstrikes and targeted attacks. The operation ended with a ceasefire brokered by Egypt, with Hamas significantly weakened but still in control of Gaza.

 

Operation Protective Edge (2014). One of the more recent and significant operations was a 50-day military campaign against Hamas in Gaza. It was triggered by a sharp escalation in rocket fire from Gaza. The IDF carried out airstrikes and ground operations, and the Iron Dome missile defence system played a crucial role in protecting Israeli civilians from rocket attacks. The target was Hamas’ rocket fire and the extensive tunnel network used for smuggling and cross-border attacks from Gaza into Israel. The IDF conducted extensive air and ground operations in Gaza, inflicting heavy damage on Hamas’ infrastructure.

 

Operation Northern Shield (2018-2019). Focused on neutralising Hezbollah’s cross-border tunnels from Lebanon into northern Israel, this operation aimed to eliminate a strategic threat posed by Hezbollah, the Lebanese-based militant group backed by Iran. The IDF uncovered and destroyed several attack tunnels during this operation.

 

Operation Black Belt (2019). A brief but intense military campaign against Islamic Jihad in Gaza followed the targeted killing of one of its senior leaders. The operation involved precision strikes in preventing rocket fire on Israeli communities, and the use of the Iron Dome was central to Israel’s defence.

 

Operation Guardian of the Walls.  The operation was in response to escalating violence between Israel and Palestinian militants in Gaza following tensions in East Jerusalem. Hamas and Islamic Jihad launched thousands of rockets into Israel. The IDF carried out extensive airstrikes, targeting militant leaders, rocket launchers, and tunnel networks. A ceasefire was reached after 11 days of fighting.

 

Operation Breaking Dawn (2022). In response to threats from Islamic Jihad in Gaza, this operation involved airstrikes targeting military commanders and infrastructure. It was a short but intense campaign aimed at preventing an imminent threat from the group, while Israel’s Iron Dome intercepted over 95% of rockets fired from Gaza.

 

Cyber and Covert Operations. The IDF has also been involved in covert and cyber operations, mainly targeting Iranian nuclear facilities and military infrastructure. While many of these operations are highly classified, there have been reports of cyber-attacks, such as the Stuxnet virus, which disrupted Iran’s nuclear enrichment process.

 

Ongoing Operations. The IDF is involved in ongoing security operations, particularly in Gaza, West Bank, Lebanon and Iran. These include counterterrorism missions, targeted airstrikes, and border defence. The Iron Dome missile defence system plays a crucial role in intercepting rockets fired from Gaza and other hostile entities.

 

Lessons Drawn from Operations Conducted by Israeli Defence Forces

 

The operations conducted by the Israel Defence Forces (IDF) over the decades have provided crucial lessons for Israel and militaries worldwide. These lessons span strategic, tactical, and operational insights, especially given Israel’s unique geopolitical challenges and the nature of modern warfare.

 

Pre-emptive Action and Deterrence. Operation Opera (1981) demonstrated the effectiveness of a pre-emptive strike when Israel destroyed Iraq’s Osirak nuclear reactor. The lesson here is that preventing adversaries from acquiring weapons of mass destruction can neutralise existential threats before they materialise. It also underscores the importance of intelligence and timely decision-making in military strategy.

 

Precision and Technology. Investing in precision-guided munitions and intelligence allows for targeted strikes with minimal collateral damage, which is crucial in asymmetric warfare, where civilians are often in close proximity to combatants. During Operation Cast Lead (2008–2009) and Operation Pillar of Defence (2012), Israel’s use of precise airstrikes targeted key Hamas infrastructure while minimising harm to civilians. This lesson has been adopted by modern militaries, where precision and technology are prioritised to avoid international criticism and maintain ethical warfare practices.

 

Protection Through Defensive Systems. Active defence systems, such as missile interceptors, can save lives and reduce the need for offensive actions. The Iron Dome missile defence system, used in operations like Protective Edge (2014) and Breaking Dawn (2022), demonstrated the ability to intercept short-range rockets and reduce civilian casualties. This enabled Israel to minimise the pressure for rapid escalation, allowing more strategic responses. The success of the Iron Dome has led other nations to explore similar systems, reinforcing the importance of layered defence in modern conflict.

 

Intelligence-Driven Warfare. Accurate and real-time intelligence is crucial to the success of military operations, especially in identifying critical enemy infrastructure and high-value targets. The targeted assassination of key terrorist leaders, such as in Operation Black Belt (2019) and Operation Breaking Dawn (2022), highlighted how actionable intelligence can destroy the enemy leadership and prevent retaliatory attacks. This underscores the critical role of intelligence agencies, such as Mossad and Aman, in modern warfare and the blending of military and intelligence operations.

 

Urban Warfare Challenges. Combat in dense urban environments requires specialised tactics and technologies to deal with the challenges of non-conventional warfare, such as booby traps, tunnels, and combatants embedded among civilians. During Operation Defensive Shield (2002) and the later Gaza operations, the IDF learned the complexity of fighting in cities and refugee camps, leading to the development of new urban warfare doctrines and equipment. The experience in urban warfare has influenced militaries worldwide to prioritise counter-insurgency training, urban combat techniques, and unmanned systems (such as drones) to reduce risk to soldiers in such environments.

 

Asymmetric Warfare and Counterinsurgency. Asymmetric threats from non-state actors require adaptability and a multi-pronged approach that includes military, political, and economic measures. In combating groups like Hezbollah and Hamas, the IDF has had to adjust from traditional state-to-state warfare to dealing with insurgents and terrorists using guerrilla tactics. Operations like Northern Shield (2018-2019), which targeted Hezbollah’s cross-border tunnels, exemplified how Israel has adapted to non-conventional threats. The IDF’s approach to counterinsurgency has shaped the doctrine of militaries dealing with non-state actors by emphasising intelligence, targeted strikes, and humanitarian considerations.

 

The Importance of Public Relations and International Perception. In modern conflicts, information warfare and managing public perception are nearly as important as battlefield success. In operations like the 2010 Gaza Flotilla Raid and Operation Protective Edge (2014), Israel faced widespread international criticism despite military success. Israel learned the importance of domestic and international strategic communication to justify its actions and manage the fallout. This lesson underscores the role of media strategy, humanitarian law compliance, and the importance of diplomatic channels during and after military operations.

 

Hybrid Warfare and Multi-Domain Operations. Modern warfare involves multiple domains (land, sea, air, cyber, and space), and victory often requires dominance in all of them simultaneously. Operation Northern Shield (2018-2019) involved ground forces and cyber and intelligence elements. The IDF has increasingly adopted a multi-domain approach, leveraging electronic warfare, cyber operations, and intelligence to support traditional military manoeuvres. The shift towards hybrid warfare has led many global militaries to integrate cyber defence and electronic warfare capabilities into their broader military strategies.

 

Resilience and Civilian-Military Integration. Civilian resilience and readiness are essential to enduring long-term conflict. This includes managing public expectations, integrating reservists, and maintaining high morale. During operations like Operation Protective Edge (2014), Israeli civilians faced heavy rocket fire, but resilience was maintained thanks to the Iron Dome and effective civil defence systems. Reservists were critical in bolstering the IDF’s ranks during intense military operations. The importance of a resilient home front, effective communication, and preparedness for protracted conflict are vital elements other nations have adopted from Israel’s experience.

 

The IDF’s operations reflect Israel’s emphasis on maintaining regional security and responding to threats pre-emptively or in retaliation. The IDF continues to adapt to modern threats, including cyber warfare, missile defence, and asymmetric warfare, with non-state actors such as Hezbollah, Hamas, and Islamic Jihad. The Israeli operations highlight the need for a dynamic and adaptive military in the face of evolving threats, focusing on intelligence and technology and minimising collateral damage while maintaining strategic deterrence. The IDF’s experiences have influenced modern military strategies worldwide, especially in counterterrorism, urban combat, and technological warfare.

 

Your valuable comments are most welcome.

 

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References and credits

To all the online sites and channels.

References

  1. Jewish Virtual Library, “Israel Defense Forces: Wars & Operations”, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/israel-s-wars-and-operations
  1. Israeli Air Force website, https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/israeli-air-force/
  1. By the Center for Preventive Action, “Israeli-Palestinian Conflict”, Global Conflict Tracker, 06 Oct 2024.
  1. Army University Press, “Israeli Conflicts”, https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Books/CSI-Press-Publications/Israeli-Conflicts/
  1. Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, “Arab-Israeli wars”, Britannica, 09 Sep 2024.
  1. Dr Jack Watling and Nick Reynolds, “Occasional Papers – Tactical Lessons from Israel Defense Forces Operations in Gaza”, RUSI, 11 Jul 2024.
  1. Brief, “Lessons from Israel’s war in Gaza”, Rand Corporation.
  1. Daniel Byman, “Lessons from Israel’s Last War in Lebanon”, CSIS Brief, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 02 Oct 2024.
  1. Report, “Lessons from Israel’s Forever Wars”, Reports and Papers Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School.
  1. Raphael S. Cohen, David E. Johnson, David E. Thaler, Brenna Allen, Elizabeth M. Bartels, James Cahill, Shira Efron, “Lessons from Israel’s Wars in Gaza”, RAND Research Summary, 18 Oct 2017.

Disclaimer:

Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.

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