635: IAF’S WINGS OF INDIGENISATION: THE IAF-HAL SAGA

 

My Article was published in the Life of Soldier Journal on April 25.

 

Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) has been in the spotlight for its recent achievements and challenges. The company has secured significant defence contracts, including a deal for LCA Tejas Mk1A fighter jets and a substantial agreement for Indigenous helicopters. HAL has also made strides in the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) program, enhancing India’s aerospace capabilities. However, the company has faced scrutiny over production delays and concerns raised by the Indian Air Force regarding aircraft availability.

 

The Indian Air Force (IAF) has been a stalwart in the pursuit of indigenisation, a strategic move to reduce dependence on foreign suppliers and bolster national security. Key initiatives include the induction of HAL’s Tejas fighter jets, the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) development, and the procurement of indigenous helicopters like the Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) Prachand. The IAF’s investments in indigenous UAVs, radars, and advanced weapon systems are a testament to its commitment to enhancing self-reliance. While challenges persist, a collaborative effort between the IAF, HAL, and private industry is pivotal in realising India’s vision of a robust and self-sufficient aerospace defence ecosystem.

 

India’s journey towards self-reliance in defence aviation has been long and complex, with the Indian Air Force (IAF) and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) playing pivotal roles. Achievements, setbacks, and continued aspirations for indigenisation have marked the relationship between these two institutions. While HAL has been the backbone of India’s military aviation industry, the IAF has often raised concerns over delays, quality issues, and technological limitations. This article explores the evolution of this partnership, its challenges, and the way forward for India’s indigenous aerospace ambitions.

 

HAL was founded in 1940 as Hindustan Aircraft Limited and nationalised in 1964. Over the decades, it has been responsible for manufacturing, assembling, and maintaining various aircraft for the IAF, ranging from early license-built fighters to the Indigenous Tejas fighter jet. HAL has played a crucial role in India’s defence self-sufficiency by working on aircraft like the HF-24 Marut, Dhruv helicopters, and, more recently, the LCA Tejas and AMCA (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft) projects.

 

The Indian Air Force (IAF) has always been a strong advocate for the development of indigenous defence production capability, a key result area for the IAF. The IAF has played a crucial role in creating an aerospace ecosystem in India, operating indigenously built aircraft and those built by HAL under licence production, which has given impetus to the indigenous industry in the past. The IAF’s support for indigenised inductions and projects is evident in its involvement in the following initiatives:

 

    • Induction of LCA (IOC, FOC, Mk I and Mk 1A) and support to LCA Mk II and AMCA.
    • Induction of Ajeet and HF-24 Marut ac in the past.
    • Induction of AEW&C ac and support to indigenous AWACS project.
    • Induction of indigenous helicopter ALH and support to LCH.
    • Induction of Trainer aircraft (Kiran Mk I and Mk II, HT-2, HPT & HTT-40 aircraft).
    • Support to the replacement of Avro aircraft through the make-in-India route.
    • Integration and operationalisation of Astra Air to Air Missile and Brahmos Air to surface missiles.
    • Integration of weapons like the New Generation Anti-tank Missile, Smart anti-airfield weapons, new generation anti-radiation missiles, and Glide bombs.

 

IAF’s Dependence on HAL. HAL’s contribution to the IAF has been significant, with aircraft like the MiG-21, Jaguar, Su-30MKI, and Hawk trainers being produced or assembled under license. However, the IAF has sometimes expressed concerns over HAL’s efficiency, particularly regarding production delays, maintenance backlogs, and a lack of cutting-edge technology. The slow pace of the LCA Tejas program and delays in upgrades of existing fleets have strained the relationship between the two.

 

Success Stories: HAL’s Contributions to IAF. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) has been the cornerstone of India’s military aviation industry, supporting the Indian Air Force (IAF) for over eight decades. From license-producing early-generation fighters to developing Indigenous aircraft and helicopters, HAL has made significant strides in enhancing India’s self-reliance in defence aviation. Despite facing challenges, its contributions have been instrumental in shaping the IAF’s combat capabilities, a fact that we, as a nation, should deeply appreciate and respect.

 

HAL’s association with the IAF began with the production of British-origin Hawker Tempest aircraft in the 1940s. However, its true contribution to India’s air power started in the 1960s when it began license manufacturing the MiG-21 under Soviet collaboration. The MiG-21 became the backbone of the IAF for decades, with HAL producing over 600 aircraft. These fighters played a crucial role in conflicts like the 1971 Indo-Pak War and the Kargil War (1999). During the same period, HAL made its first attempt at designing an indigenous fighter—the HF-24 Marut, India’s first home-grown jet.  The lessons learned from this project laid the foundation for future indigenous aircraft programs. In the 1980s, HAL was critical in assembling and maintaining the SEPECAT Jaguar, a deep-strike fighter that remains a vital part of the IAF’s fleet. HAL later upgraded the Jaguar under the DARIN modernisation programs, equipping it with modern avionics and weaponry.

 

Su-30MKI: The Backbone of the IAF. One of HAL’s biggest success stories has been the license production of the Su-30MKI, India’s premier air superiority fighter. Since the early 2000s, HAL has built over 270 Su-30MKIs, making them the most numerous and capable aircraft in the IAF’s fleet. The company has also integrated indigenous systems into the Su-30MKI, such as BrahMos-A supersonic cruise missiles, further enhancing its strike capability.

 

LCA Tejas: India’s Indigenous Fighter Jet. The Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas is a landmark achievement for HAL and India’s defence industry. After initial delays, Tejas was inducted into the IAF. The improved Tejas Mk1A, featuring advanced radar, electronic warfare systems, and upgraded weapons, is expected to be inducted soon. Developing the Tejas Mk2, Twin-Engine Deck-Based Fighter (TEDBF), and fifth-generation AMCA showcases HAL’s progress toward advanced indigenous fighters.

 

Indigenous Helicopters: ALH Dhruv, LCH, and LUH. HAL strengthened the IAF’s rotary-wing capabilities with the Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) Dhruv and its armed variant, Rudra. Another significant achievement is the Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) Prachand, designed for high-altitude operations in Ladakh and Siachen. HAL has also developed the Light Utility Helicopter (LUH) to replace ageing Cheetah and Chetak helicopters.

 

The Challenges

Despite HAL’s significant contributions to the Indian Air Force (IAF), several challenges continue to hinder their partnership, affecting operational readiness and modernisation efforts. One of the most pressing concerns is production delays, which have consistently impacted the induction of critical platforms. The slow pace of Tejas fighter production, delays in the upgrade program, and prolonged timelines for overhauls have led to capability gaps in the IAF. These setbacks have forced the IAF to rely on older aircraft, delaying modernisation. Another significant issue is quality control, with HAL facing criticism over the reliability of its manufactured and overhauled aircraft. The users have raised concerns about technical faults, maintenance inefficiencies, and accidents of some HAL-built platforms, leading to questions about overall workmanship and durability. HAL’s slow adoption of new technologies has also affected India’s ability to match global defence standards. Unlike leading aerospace firms, HAL struggles with R&D investments and innovation, leading to dependence on foreign suppliers for engines, avionics, and weapon systems.

 

The Way Ahead for HAL: Strengthening India’s Aerospace Future

It is time for HAL to leave behind past setbacks, tackle challenges, and move on with renewed determination. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) must adopt a multi-pronged approach. Enhancing innovation, investing in R&D, fostering collaborations, and streamlining production can make it a stronger, future-ready HAL that is ready to drive India’s aerospace future, ensuring self-reliance and global competitiveness in defence manufacturing.

Enhancing Production Efficiency. HAL needs to streamline its manufacturing and assembly processes to reduce production delays. Modern automation, digital manufacturing, and lean production techniques can significantly reduce production time. Strengthening supply chains and increasing outsourcing to private-sector firms will also boost production efficiency.

Strengthening Quality Control. HAL must revamp its quality assurance mechanisms to address users’ concerns. A stringent inspection and testing framework at every stage of aircraft manufacturing and overhaul processes will ensure higher reliability and safety. Implementing global best practices and learning from established aerospace giants can help improve production standards.

Investing in Advanced R&D. One of HAL’s most significant drawbacks is its slow pace of technological innovation. To bridge this gap, HAL must increase investments in indigenous research and development (R&D), particularly in engines, avionics, stealth technology, and composite materials. Stronger collaboration with DRDO, ISRO, and academic institutions can accelerate innovation in next-generation aircraft and air combat systems.

Strengthening the Private Sector Collaboration. Public-private partnerships will be key to HAL’s future success. Companies like Tata, L&T, and Mahindra Defence are emerging as strong players in the defence aviation sector. HAL must leverage these partnerships for joint development, co-production, and component outsourcing, improving efficiency and reducing costs.

Reforming Organisational and Management Structure. HAL must transition from a bureaucratic public-sector enterprise to a more agile, corporate-driven entity to compete globally. Introducing performance-based accountability, faster decision-making mechanisms, and strategic planning frameworks will enable HAL to operate more efficiently.

Commitment to Future Programs. HAL must stay committed to high-priority projects like the Tejas Mk II, Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA), and Twin Engine Deck-Based Fighter (TEDBF). These programs will define the future of Indian military aviation and ensure long-term self-reliance.

Focusing on Export Potential. HAL must actively market its aircraft, helicopters, and UAVs to international customers. The Tejas LCA, LCH Prachand, and Dhruv helicopters have attracted global interest. Expanding exports will generate revenue and establish India as a key defence exporter.

 

Conclusion

HAL stands at a crucial juncture and must evolve into a world-class defence aerospace manufacturer. By focusing on efficiency, innovation, private sector collaboration, and exports, HAL can not only strengthen the IAF but also contribute significantly to India’s goal of self-reliance in defence manufacturing (Atmanirbhar Bharat).

 

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604:TECHNOLOGY HARVESTING BY INDIAN AEROSPACE INDUSTRY: A STRATEGIC IMPERATIVE

 

My article published on the Indus International Research Foundation website on 19 Feb 25.

 

The Indian aerospace industry has made significant strides in technology harvesting, particularly in defence, satellite technology, and aircraft development. Key successes include the development of indigenous fighter jets like the HAL Tejas and the successful launch of ISRO satellite missions, such as the Mars Orbiter Mission. These achievements demonstrate the growing capability of India’s aerospace sector in adopting advanced technologies and adapting them to local needs. However, there are notable misses, primarily in producing high-performance engines and strategic aerospace systems, where India still relies heavily on imports. Despite efforts to indigenous technology, challenges like bureaucratic inefficiencies, limited R&D funding, and a lack of skilled workforce hinder complete technological independence. The industry must address these gaps through improved collaboration, investment in cutting-edge research, and focused policy support to achieve self-reliance and compete globally in the aerospace sector.

 

Technology Harvesting: The Process.

 

Technology harvesting refers to acquiring, utilising, and leveraging existing or newly developed technologies to achieve strategic goals, enhance innovation, or create value. This practice can involve various methods, such as sourcing new technologies, adapting existing ones, commercialising them, or repurposing them for different industries or applications. Technology harvesting often aims to advance an organisation’s capabilities, improve productivity, maintain a competitive edge, or create new products and services. It can involve the following:-

 

    • Identifying valuable technologies. Finding technologies that can benefit a company’s growth or strategic advantage.
    • Acquiring technologies. Through means like acquisitions, licensing, or partnerships.
    • Commercialising or adapting technologies. Transforming acquired technologies into profitable products, services, or processes.
    • Maximising the utility of available technologies. Making the most of existing technological assets by integrating them into new contexts or markets.

 

Ways and Means. Numerous methods help businesses and organisations stay competitive by quickly accessing and implementing new technologies. Some of these are:-

 

    • Internal Research and Development (R&D). Companies and organisations invest in R&D to develop new technologies that can give them a competitive edge. This can be through in-house teams or dedicated innovation labs.
    • Collaborative Research and Development (R&D). Partnerships between universities, research institutes, and businesses allow for technology sharing and joint development, which can expedite innovation.
    • Buying Start-ups: Larger companies often acquire smaller tech start-ups that have developed innovative technologies. This enables quick access to cutting-edge tech and talent.
    • Technology Transfer. Institutions like universities often transfer their research outputs to private companies that can commercialise the technology. This is facilitated through licensing agreements.
    • Technology Licensing. Companies or individuals who hold patents on specific technologies can license them to other firms for a fee or a royalty agreement.
    • Patent Pools. Multiple organisations might collaborate and share patents or licenses to reduce barriers and avoid litigation, accelerating technology adoption.
    • Open-source software. Companies or individuals contribute to open-source projects, allowing others to use, modify, and build upon the technology freely. This can lead to rapid advancement and broader adoption.
    • Open Innovation. Engaging external parties in solving technological challenges, including crowdsourcing solutions and using external ideas and inventions to advance a product or service.
    • Tech Incubators. These programs support early-stage start-ups by providing resources like mentorship, capital, and networking opportunities to help turn nascent technologies into viable businesses.
    • Accelerators. Accelerators are similar to incubators but focus on scaling and rapidly bringing technologies to market. These programs often have a more structured approach.
    • Joint Ventures. Companies often form joint ventures to combine resources and technologies, enabling both parties to leverage each other’s expertise.
    • Industry Collaborations. Corporations in the same industry may collaborate to develop shared technologies that benefit all parties involved.
    • Product Disassembly. Some organisations or individuals harvest technology by disassembling a competitor’s product to understand its design and function. While legally risky, this can provide insights into innovation.
    • Crowdfunding Platforms. Companies and inventors can raise funds to bring their technologies to market by directly engaging with the public. Popular platforms like Kickstarter or Indiegogo can help gauge market interest.
    • Crowdsourcing Ideas. Platforms like InnoCentive allow companies to post problems and offer rewards for solutions, enabling the harvesting of global ideas and innovations.
    • Scanning for Emerging Tech. Firms often employ technology scouts to search for new technologies that could be adopted, licensed, or acquired. This involves monitoring patent filings, academic publications, and industry trends.
    • Subsidies and Funding. Governments often provide grants and funding to develop or commercialise new technologies, particularly in fields like green energy, biotechnology, or defence.
    • Public-Private Partnerships. Governments may partner with the private sector to develop key technologies and infrastructure projects.

 

Indian Aerospace Industry and Technology Harvesting

 

The Indian aerospace industry has undergone a significant transformation in recent decades, shifting from a sector heavily reliant on imports to one that is making substantial progress in indigenous development. This evolution has been primarily driven by government initiatives, defence collaborations, foreign investments, and, most notably, technology harvesting.

 

Evolution of the Indian Aerospace Industry. The foundation of India’s aerospace industry was laid in the early 1940s with the establishment of Hindustan Aircraft Limited (now Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, HAL). Over the years, the Indian government, through organisations such as DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation), ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation), and private-sector initiatives, has fostered aerospace capabilities. Despite significant progress, India still relies heavily on imported technology, particularly in critical areas such as jet engines, avionics, and stealth technology.

 

Technology Harvesting in the Indian Aerospace Industry. Technology harvesting has played a crucial role in advancing India’s aerospace capabilities. The country employs multiple strategies to acquire and integrate advanced technology, including technology transfer agreements, joint ventures, back engineering, and indigenous R&D.

 

    • Technology Transfer. India has effectively utilised offsets and technology transfer agreements in defence procurement deals as a key strategy for technology harvesting. These agreements, which mandate foreign firms to invest a portion of the contract value in India’s defence sector, have fostered local expertise and infrastructure development. For instance, the Rafale Deal with Dassault Aviation, France, involves the transfer of advanced radar, avionics, and composite material manufacturing techniques to Indian firms. Similarly, India’s partnerships with Boeing and Lockheed Martin have led to the domestic manufacturing of C-130J Super Hercules airframes and Apache attack helicopter components.
    • Joint Ventures. The Indian government has encouraged joint ventures between domestic and foreign companies to accelerate technology harvesting. These partnerships allow Indian firms to access cutting-edge aerospace technology while contributing to global supply chains. Notable joint ventures include Tata Advanced Systems and Lockheed Martin for manufacturing C-130J Super Hercules airframes in India, Adani and Elbit Systems (Israel) for UAV production under the “Make in India” initiative, and L&T and ISRO Collaboration for developing reusable launch vehicles and space technologies.
    • Indigenous Aerospace Programs and Achievements. Technology harvesting has significantly influenced India’s ability to develop indigenous aerospace programs. The success of these programs is a testament to India’s growing self-reliance in the sector.

 

Successes

 

India’s aerospace industry has made significant strides in technology development over the past few decades, particularly in indigenous aircraft production, space exploration, and defence technology. Here’s a look at its notable successes and challenges.

 

Indigenous Aircraft Development. One of the achievements is the development of the HAL Tejas, a fourth-generation multi-role light combat aircraft.  The Tejas has proven successful in designing, engineering, and integrating advanced systems, though it still faces some challenges related to production timelines and numbers.

 

Space Technology. ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) has shown significant technological advances, especially in satellite technology and space exploration. India’s Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) and Chandrayaan missions to the Moon were notable successes, signalling India’s growing expertise in space missions.

 

GSLV & PSLV Rockets. India has developed reliable launch vehicles, particularly the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), making India one of the leading providers of commercial satellite launches globally. The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) has been crucial for launching heavier payloads, demonstrating a significant leap in India’s rocket development.

 

Missile Technology. India’s missile technology, mainly through the Agni and Prithvi series, has significantly succeeded in strategic and tactical weapons. The BrahMos, a joint venture with Russia, is among the world’s fastest cruise missiles and showcases India’s ability to partner internationally while developing cutting-edge technology.

 

Hypersonic and Space Technologies. India is making strides in hypersonic technology, a critical frontier in aerospace innovation. The Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV), developed by DRDO, is a significant step toward mastering scramjet propulsion for future hypersonic missiles and aircraft.

 

Challenges.

 

Delays in Aircraft Production. While successful, the HAL Tejas program has faced significant delays. Initially expected to enter service in the late 1990s, the Tejas project has been plagued by issues related to engine integration, production delays, and insufficient numbers for the Indian Air Force (IAF).

 

Missed Opportunities in Commercial Aircraft Manufacturing. India has failed to develop a competitive indigenous commercial aircraft. The RTA-70 was initially conceived as a regional aircraft but has not progressed beyond the conceptual stages. HAL’s failure to enter the commercial aircraft market has kept India from tapping into a potentially lucrative market, especially with rising demand for air travel in Asia.

 

Reliance on Foreign Technology. While India has made strides in many defence technologies, it remains heavily dependent on foreign technology for critical components, such as aircraft engines, avionics, and radar systems. The Kaveri engine, developed for the Tejas, faced performance issues, leading to continued reliance on foreign suppliers like GE Aviation for the Tejas’ engine. Similarly, radar and electronic warfare systems are often imported.

 

Slower Transition to 5th Generation Aircraft. India’s pursuit of a fifth-generation aircraft, specifically the AMCA (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft), has been slow. While it is an ambitious project, it faces development timelines and funding challenges. Additionally, India’s slow progress in stealth technology has led to delays compared to countries like China and Russia, which are already advancing.

 

Challenges in Commercial Space. While ISRO has achieved remarkable success in government and scientific space exploration, it has not yet fully capitalised on the commercial space sector. Although India has been a competitive player in satellite launches, it faces stiff competition from U.S. and European private companies. The growth of private space players like SpaceX has overshadowed ISRO’s commercial potential in the global space race.

 

Way Ahead

The way ahead for technology harvesting by the Indian aerospace industry lies in a multi-pronged approach, focusing on leveraging global innovations, fostering indigenous capabilities, and enhancing collaboration between government, private sector, and academia. India has historically depended on technology imports to meet the demands of its aerospace sector. Still, with growing aspirations for self-reliance, the industry is actively working on increasing its technological base. A significant step in this direction is the Indian government’s push for the “Atmanirbhar Bharat” (Self-reliant India) initiative, which encourages domestic manufacturing and innovation.

 

Key areas for technology harvesting include advanced materials, propulsion systems, avionics, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Collaboration with global aerospace leaders and partnerships with foreign entities through joint ventures and knowledge exchange programs will enable the Indian aerospace sector to integrate cutting-edge technologies. The private sector’s growing role, exemplified by companies like Tata Advanced Systems and Reliance Aerospace, is crucial in driving innovation and attracting foreign direct investment. These companies are now working to develop advanced systems and technologies that could be exported globally. Additionally, academia and research institutions like the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) play a pivotal role in fostering research and development in key areas such as avionics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning, which are rapidly transforming the aerospace sector.

 

Conclusion.

The Indian aerospace industry is on a transformative path, leveraging technology harvesting to bridge the gap between domestic capabilities and global standards. Through strategic partnerships, reverse engineering and indigenous R&D, India is steadily reducing its reliance on foreign suppliers. The success of projects like Tejas, AMCA, and hypersonic weapons development showcases India’s ability to absorb and innovate upon harvested technology. Further investments in jet engine technology, stealth aircraft, and AI-driven aerospace solutions will be key to solidifying India’s global power position. By strengthening its ecosystem through private sector participation and continued technology absorption, India is poised to achieve genuine self-reliance in aerospace and defence.

 

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Technology Harvesting by Indian Aerospace Industry: A Strategic Imperative (by Air Marshal Anil Khosla)

 

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References and credits

To all the online sites and channels.

Pic: Courtesy Net.

References:-

  1. “India’s Aerospace Industry: The Path Forward” (2021), by Aerospace and Defence Manufacturing Association of India (ADMA).
  1. “Atmanirbhar Bharat and the Indian Aerospace Industry” (2020), Ministry of Defence, Government of India.
  1. “The Indian Space Programme: An Overview” (2018), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
  1. Subramanian, K., & Iyer, R. (2022). “Technological Developments in India’s Aerospace and Defence Sector: Opportunities and Challenges.” International Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 35(4), 567-589.
  1. Sharma, S., & Dinesh, P. (2021). “The Role of Private Sector in Advancing Aerospace Technologies in India.” Asian Journal of Aerospace Technology, 27(2), 123-139.
  1. Aggarwal, M., & Kumar, A. (2020). “Defence Technology Development in India: The Next Frontier in Aerospace.” Journal of Defence Technology, 8(3), 220-233.
  1. “National Aerospace and Defence Policy Framework” (2019), Government of India.
  1. “Make in India: Aerospace and Defence” (2017), Department of Defence Production, Ministry of Defence, Government of India.
  1. “Aerospace & Defence Industry in India: An Overview” (2021), KPMG India.
  2. “Global Aerospace Outlook 2020” (2020), PwC India.
  1. “Indian Aerospace Industry: Key Trends and Future Potential” (2022), Ernst & Young India.
  1. “India’s Aerospace and Defence Sector is Taking Off” (2022), Economic Times.
  1. “How India’s Aircraft Manufacturers are Making Their Mark” (2021), The Hindustan Times.
  1. “Private Players Taking the Lead in India’s Aerospace Growth” (2020), Business Standard.

Disclaimer:

Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.

429: Live Interview on TEJAS

 

I Flew this beautiful Flying Machine on 18 Nov 2017

 

 

 

 

 

Post Flight by PM on Tejas aircraft, DD news recorded a live interview under its special program: RAKSHAK.

 

The Interview was about Tejas aircraft and the project.

 

 

Aspects covered:-

 

  • Importance of Tejas project.

 

  • Recent Impetuous given to the project.

 

  • Exportability aspects.

 

  • About the aircraft.

 

  • Engine development aspects.

 

  • Aspects related to Naval variant.

 

 

The interview is of 17 minutes (starting at 5min up to 22 min).

 

Please click on the link below:-

 

 

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