Tag: drones

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586: COMBAT DRONES: GLOBAL OVERVIEW

 

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Combat drones, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), have revolutionised modern warfare by providing advanced capabilities for surveillance, intelligence gathering, and precision strikes. These drones are utilised by militaries worldwide, ranging from the United States MQ-9 Reaper to China’s CH-4 and Russia’s Forpost. Their ability to operate in hostile environments without risking human lives has made them invaluable in counterterrorism, border patrol, and intelligence operations. Drones are equipped with advanced sensors, cameras, and weapons systems, enabling real-time data transmission and the ability to carry out airstrikes accurately. The global proliferation of combat drones has led to their adoption by a growing number of nations, each leveraging them for strategic advantages in conventional and asymmetric conflicts. As their technology evolves, drones become more autonomous, with artificial intelligence and machine learning improving operational efficiency. However, the widespread use of combat drones raises ethical concerns, particularly regarding civilian casualties, accountability, and the potential for misuse in geopolitical conflicts. The future of combat drones will likely see further advancements in stealth, range, and lethality, making them an integral part of military strategies worldwide and sparking ongoing debates about their regulation and impact on international law.

 

USA

 

MQ-9 Reaper. The MQ-9 Reaper, a long-endurance, high-altitude UAV, stands out in the U.S. Air Force’s arsenal. Its ability to carry precision-guided munitions such as Hellfire missiles and GBU-12 bombs makes it a formidable force in strike missions. The Reaper’s extensive use in counterterrorism operations and ISR roles, an impressive range of over 1,800 km, and flight endurance of 27 hours solidify its position as a key asset in modern warfare.

 

RQ-170 Sentinel. The RQ-170 Sentinel is a stealth reconnaissance UAV used by the U.S. Air Force. Its flying-wing design is optimised for stealth and high-altitude operations. The Sentinel is known for its involvement in high-profile missions, including surveillance operations over Iran and Pakistan.

 

MQ-1C Gray Eagle. The MQ-1C Gray Eagle is an upgraded variant of the Predator drone used by the U.S. Army. It provides extended endurance, advanced ISR capabilities, and the ability to deploy Hellfire missiles and precision bombs. With an endurance of 25 hours and real-time data relay, the Gray Eagle plays a vital role in counterinsurgency and tactical battlefield support.

 

XQ-58A Valkyrie. The XQ-58A Valkyrie is a low-cost, stealthy unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) designed to operate alongside manned fighter jets in a “loyal wingman” role. Developed by Kratos for the U.S. Air Force, offers autonomous operations, long-range capabilities, and potential for strike missions with minimal radar detectability.

 

RQ-4 Global Hawk. The RQ-4 Global Hawk is a high-altitude, long-endurance surveillance drone used primarily for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions. Operated by the U.S. Air Force and NATO, it provides real-time battlefield awareness. Some variants, such as the MQ-4C Triton, feature limited weapon-carrying capabilities for defensive purposes.

 

MQ-25 Stingray. The MQ-25 Stingray is a carrier-based drone designed to provide aerial refuelling for U.S. Navy aircraft, extending their range and operational endurance. Built by Boeing, it also has secondary intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities, with potential for future combat roles such as electronic warfare or precision strikes.

 

RQ-180.  The RQ-180 is a secretive, high-altitude stealth reconnaissance drone believed to provide deep-penetration ISR capabilities in contested airspace. Developed for the U.S. Air Force, it likely features advanced radar evasion technologies and long endurance. Rumours suggest it could possess limited strike capabilities, complementing traditional reconnaissance missions with potential offensive roles.

 

Switchblade (USA). The Switchblade is a compact, loitering munition developed by AeroVironment, designed for rapid deployment in tactical operations. It provides precision strike capabilities with real-time intelligence and can be launched from a portable platform. Switchblade is ideal for anti-armour and high-value target missions, offering flexibility in diverse combat scenarios.

 

China

 

Wing Loong II. The Wing Loong II is a combat UAV developed by China for long-endurance missions. Similar to the American MQ-9 Reaper, it carries a variety of air-to-ground weapons, including precision-guided bombs and missiles. It has a maximum endurance of 20 hours and an operational range exceeding 1,000 km. The Wing Loong series has been widely exported to countries in Africa and the Middle East.

 

CH-5 Rainbow. The CH-5 is a heavy-class combat drone developed by China, resembling the MQ-9 Reaper in design and functionality. It can carry up to 16 missiles and has an endurance of 36 hours, making it suitable for long-duration strike and reconnaissance missions. Its advanced sensors and electronic warfare capabilities allow it to conduct surveillance and combat operations efficiently.

 

GJ-11 Sharp Sword. The GJ-11, known as Sharp Sword, is a stealth UCAV designed for high-end combat operations. Its flying-wing design optimises it for low observability and precision strikes. It is expected to play a significant role in China’s future airpower, particularly in contested environments with anti-access/area-denial threats.

 

WZ-7 Soaring Dragon. The WZ-7 Soaring Dragon is a high-altitude surveillance drone developed by China. It is designed for reconnaissance and intelligence gathering in contested airspaces. With its stealth features, it is capable of long-endurance missions and may also have potential for combat roles, making it a versatile asset for modern military operations.

 

FH-97. The FH-97 is a loyal wingman drone designed to work alongside manned fighter jets in China’s air force. It offers advanced autonomy and long-range capabilities, assisting in tasks like surveillance, strike missions, and electronic warfare, thereby enhancing the capabilities of its human counterparts in both offensive and defensive operations.

 

CH-7. The CH-7 is a Chinese stealth unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) designed for high-altitude, long-endurance missions. With radar-evading technology, it is built for deep penetration strikes in heavily defended airspace. Its capabilities include precision attacks and reconnaissance, positioning it as a key component in China’s modernised military strategy.

 

Russia

 

S-70 Okhotnik-B (Russia). The S-70 Okhotnik-B, or “Hunter-B,” is a stealth UCAV designed to operate alongside Russia’s Su-57 fighter jets. It features advanced stealth capabilities, a flying-wing design, and the ability to carry a significant payload of precision-guided munitions. With a range of over 6,000 km and autonomous combat capabilities, the Okhotnik-B represents Russia’s push toward integrating AI into warfare.

 

Orion (Russia). The Orion UAV is a MALE combat drone developed by Russia with capabilities similar to those of the MQ-1 Predator. It can last 24 hours and carry guided munitions such as KAB-20 bombs and Vikhr missiles. The Orion has been deployed in Syria and Ukraine for reconnaissance and precision strikes, showcasing Russia’s advancements in drone warfare.

 

KUB-BLA. The KUB-BLA is a loitering munition (suicide drone) developed by Russia. Designed to deliver precision strikes, it flies autonomously to target specific assets and detonates on impact. It is a low-cost, effective weapon for disabling high-value targets, particularly in conflict zones with limited anti-aircraft defences.

 

Lancet.  The Lancet is a lightweight loitering munition used in the Ukraine conflict, providing precise, targeted strikes. It is designed to fly autonomously, locate and identify targets, and detonate on impact. Its compact size, ease of deployment, and versatility make it an effective weapon against stationary and moving targets.

 

Altius-U. The Altius-U is a long-range, unmanned aerial system (UAS) designed for intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance (ISR), and strike missions. Developed by Russia, it features advanced avionics and can carry a range of payloads, including precision-guided munitions. Its capabilities make it a valuable asset for deep reconnaissance and tactical airstrikes.

 

ZALA Lancet (Russia). The ZALA Lancet is a Russian tactical loitering munition designed for precision strikes against high-value targets. It is equipped with advanced sensors for target acquisition and can carry warheads to destroy enemy assets. The Lancet is used for anti-armour, anti-aircraft, and anti-personnel missions, effectively supporting battlefield operations.

 

Israel

 

Harop (Israel). The Harop is a loitering munition UAV designed to hunt and destroy radar installations and high-value targets autonomously. It has an operational range of 1,000 km and carries an explosive payload to engage targets with high precision. Widely used by Israel and other nations, the Harop is a key asset in electronic warfare and counter-air defence roles.

 

Hermes 900 (Israel). The Hermes 900 is a MALE UAV used primarily for ISR and strike operations. It boasts a long endurance of up to 36 hours and can carry precision-guided munitions. Several countries use the drone for border surveillance, counterterrorism, and maritime patrol missions. Its modular design allows for different payloads, including SIGINT and EO/IR sensors.

 

Heron TP (Eitan). The Heron TP, also known as Eitan, is a strategic, long-endurance UAV developed by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI). It boasts significant strike capabilities with a range of over 1,000 km and can carry a variety of payloads, including precision-guided munitions. This UAV is primarily used for surveillance and targeted strikes.

 

Harpy. The Harpy is an advanced anti-radar loitering munition developed by IAI. It is designed to seek and destroy radar systems by autonomously detecting, targeting, and attacking them. The Harpy’s loitering capability allows it to remain in an area, waiting for radar signals to attack, making it a critical tool for suppressing enemy air defences.

 

IAI Ghost. The IAI Ghost is a small, tactical UAV designed for special operations and precision strikes. Its lightweight and compact design allows for easy deployment in covert missions. It can carry out targeted strikes on enemy assets while offering real-time intelligence and surveillance, which is ideal for intelligence collection and rapid response scenarios.

 

Turkey

 

Bayraktar TB2 (Turkey). The Bayraktar TB2 is a MALE (Medium-Altitude, Long-Endurance) drone known for its success in recent conflicts in Libya, Syria, and Ukraine. It is equipped with laser-guided smart munitions and advanced surveillance capabilities. With an endurance of 27 hours and an operational range of 150 km, the TB2 provides cost-effective strike and reconnaissance solutions. Its impact on asymmetric warfare has made it popular with several countries.

 

Akinci (Turkey). Turkey’s advanced HALE (High-Altitude, Long-Endurance) UAV, the Akinci, is a strategic asset with its sophisticated avionics and AI-driven capabilities. Its ability to carry a variety of smart munitions, including air-to-ground missiles and standoff weapons, combined with an endurance of 24 hours and high-altitude operation, underscores its strategic role in Turkey’s defence doctrine.

 

Kızılelma (Turkey). The Kızılelma is a jet-powered stealth UCAV designed for high-speed strike missions. As Turkey’s first combat drone with air-to-air capabilities, it integrates AI-assisted targeting and electronic warfare capabilities. The Kızılelma is expected to play a significant role in future air combat operations, complementing Turkey’s manned fighter fleet.

 

Anka-S. Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) developed the Anka-S, an advanced UAV with additional strike capabilities, for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions. It can operate at high altitudes and extended durations and is equipped with advanced sensors and precision-guided munitions, making it practical for surveillance and targeted strikes.

 

Iran

 

Shahed-136 (Iran). The Shahed-136 is a loitering munition drone, often referred to as a ‘suicide drone,’ extensively used in asymmetric warfare. With its range of over 2,500 km and an explosive warhead designed to target critical infrastructure and military assets, the Shahed-136 has been deployed in conflicts in the West Asia and Ukraine, showcasing Iran’s growing drone capabilities.

 

Shahed-129. The Shahed-129 is an Iranian-developed UAV designed for ISR and strike missions, widely used in the West Asia. With a range of over 2,000 km, it can carry precision-guided munitions and is primarily deployed for reconnaissance, surveillance, and targeted strikes, supporting military operations in conflict zones.

 

Mohajer-6. Iran developed the Mohajer-6, a multi-role UAV capable of ISR and combat operations. Equipped with guided munitions, it can conduct precise airstrikes while gathering real-time intelligence. Its versatility makes it effective for various military tasks, including surveillance and targeted operations in diverse environments.

 

Karrar. The Karrar is a jet-powered combat UAV developed by Iran. It is designed for high-speed, long-range strike missions. It features advanced avionics and can carry a variety of weapons, making it suitable for precision airstrikes and tactical operations. Its jet propulsion allows for rapid deployment and high-performance capabilities.

 

India

 

Rustom-II (India). Rustom-II, known as TAPAS-BH-201, is India’s indigenous MALE UAV designed for surveillance and strike missions. It features an endurance of 24 hours and a payload capacity of 350 kg, including advanced surveillance systems and guided munitions. Developed by DRDO, the drone aims to reduce India’s dependence on imported UAVs and enhance its reconnaissance capabilities.

 

Ghatak (UCAV project). The Ghatak is an Indian stealth UCAV (Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle) currently under development by DRDO. It is designed for high-precision strike capabilities, features advanced stealth technology, and has low radar visibility. It is intended for deep penetration missions and aims to enhance India’s strategic capabilities in unmanned warfare.

 

Archer-NG. The Archer-NG is an advanced armed variant of the Rustom UAV, currently under development by India’s DRDO. It is designed to carry a variety of payloads, including precision-guided munitions, to conduct airstrikes. The Archer-NG enhances India’s tactical capabilities, providing a versatile surveillance, reconnaissance, and offensive operations platform.

 

European Union (Various Countries)

 

Taranis (UK). BAE Systems developed the Taranis, a stealth combat UAV designed for deep penetration strike missions. It features advanced stealth, high-speed capabilities, and autonomous flight operations. As a demonstrator for future UCAV technology, the Taranis highlights the UK’s focus on developing next-generation unmanned systems.

 

Eurodrone (Europe). The Eurodrone is a collaborative project by Germany, France, Italy, and Spain to develop a MALE UAV with European autonomy. It is intended for ISR and precision strike roles with a payload capacity supporting various sensors and munitions. The Eurodrone aims to reduce Europe’s reliance on foreign drone technology.

 

Neuron. The Neuron is a French/European stealth UCAV prototype developed by Dassault Aviation. It features advanced stealth technology for precision strike missions to minimise radar detection and enhance survivability in hostile environments. The Neuron serves as a testbed for future unmanned combat systems, showcasing European capabilities in unmanned aerial warfare.

 

South Korea

 

KUS-FS. The KUS-FS is a South Korean MALE UAV designed for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) and strike missions. Its advanced avionics and long endurance allow it to carry precision-guided munitions, effectively supporting military operations. Its multi-role capability makes it a versatile asset for both surveillance and combat.

 

KUS-VH. The KUS-VH is a South Korean loyal wingman concept currently under development. It is designed to operate alongside manned aircraft. It can perform autonomous missions, supporting reconnaissance, strike, and electronic warfare. The KUS-VH aims to enhance the capabilities of piloted platforms by acting as a cooperative and agile aerial teammate.

 

Pakistan

 

Burraq. The Burraq is an Indigenous UCAV developed by Pakistan and modelled after Chinese UAV designs. It is primarily used for surveillance and strike missions and can carry precision-guided munitions. The Burraq provides Pakistan with a versatile platform for targeting enemy assets and conducting reconnaissance in hostile environments.

 

Shahpar-II. The Shahpar-II is a Pakistani ISR and combat drone designed for intelligence gathering and precision strike missions. Equipped with advanced sensors and guided munitions, it can conduct surveillance while engaging enemy targets with high accuracy. The Shahpar-II offers enhanced operational flexibility, serving both reconnaissance and offensive roles in military operations.

 

Other Notable Drones

 

MQ-28 Ghost Bat (Australia). The MQ-28 Ghost Bat is an Australian loyal wingman drone developed for the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). It is designed to operate autonomously alongside manned aircraft, enhancing their surveillance, combat, and electronic warfare capabilities. The Ghost Bat provides flexible, cost-effective support in complex air operations.

 

CH-4 (Iraq/Jordan/Algeria imports). The CH-4 is a Chinese-built MALE UCAV widely exported to Iraq, Jordan, and Algeria. It is designed for long-endurance ISR missions and precision strikes. Equipped with advanced sensors and guided munitions, the CH-4 provides an effective platform for surveillance and targeted airstrikes in varied operational environments.

 

Warmate (Poland). The Warmate is a Polish-made tactical loitering munition designed for ISR and precision strike missions. It is lightweight and can be deployed in combat, including anti-armour operations. The Warmate can carry explosives to engage enemy targets, offering a cost-effective and versatile solution for tactical warfare.

 

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575: BOOK REVIEW: 7 SECONDS TO DIE

 

 

 

BOOK REVIEW: 7 SECONDS TO DIE

 

BY JOHN C. ANTAL

 

Review by: Air Marshal Anil Khosla (Retd) PVSM, AVSM, VM

Former Vice Chief of Air Staff, Indian Air Force.

 

 

John C. Antal’s 7 Seconds to Die offers a compelling and detailed analysis of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War (2020), a conflict that showcased the decisive role of modern military technologies, particularly drones and artificial intelligence. This book transcends being a mere war chronicle; it is a profound exploration of how technological advancements reshape 21st-century military strategies. Antal’s approach, combining vivid storytelling with rigorous military analysis, makes this work indispensable for military professionals, strategists, and anyone interested in the future of warfare.

 

The Second Nagorno-Karabakh War erupted between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh. Though deeply rooted in historical and ethnic tensions, this war became a showcase for implementing cutting-edge technologies in combat. Azerbaijan, backed by Turkish military technology and Israeli-made drones, demonstrated a level of precision, speed, and lethality that overwhelmed Armenian forces. Antal contextualises the war within the broader framework of global military trends, emphasising that this was not just a regional conflict but a harbinger of future warfare. The title, 7 Seconds to Die, refers to the average time Armenian soldiers had to react once a drone detected their position. This chilling statistic underscores the deadly efficiency of unmanned systems.

 

Antal positions the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War as a critical case study in the ongoing Revolution in Military Affairs. He argues that integrating unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), loitering munitions, and advanced surveillance systems signifies a paradigm shift in combat operations. The book methodically details how Azerbaijan utilised these technologies to achieve information dominance, disrupt enemy supply lines, and conduct precision strikes with minimal human risk. Antal’s narrative is filled with examples of this technological edge. For instance, Azerbaijan’s use of Turkish Bayraktar TB2 drones and Israeli Harop loitering munitions not only neutralised Armenian air defences but also demoralised their troops. These systems enabled Azerbaijan to conduct a “kill chain”—identifying, targeting, and neutralising enemies—in seconds.

 

One of the book’s most striking insights is how technology levelled the playing field between two unevenly matched nations. Despite its superior terrain and entrenched positions, Armenia was unable to counter Azerbaijan’s technological superiority. Antal describes this as a shift from traditional measures of military strength—numbers, firepower, and fortifications—to a new era where speed, data, and adaptability are decisive. The author provides a nuanced analysis of the asymmetry created by drones. He explains that these technologies are not merely force multipliers; they are force disruptors. Traditional tactics, such as the use of trenches, tanks, and static artillery, became liabilities under constant drone surveillance.

 

Another profound theme in 7 Seconds to Die is the psychological toll of drone warfare. Antal vividly describes how Armenian soldiers, constantly under threat from an invisible and omnipresent enemy, experienced fear, confusion, and helplessness. This psychological dimension, he argues, is as significant as the physical destruction caused by drones. Antal also explores the implications of this psychological warfare for global militaries. The fear of being watched and targeted in real-time may fundamentally change the nature of combat, making it more about outwitting algorithms and less about confrontation.

 

Antal’s analysis extends beyond the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War to extract lessons for militaries worldwide. He emphasises the need for nations to adapt to this new reality, where traditional doctrines may no longer apply. His key recommendations include investing in counter-drone technologies, training soldiers to operate in environments dominated by UAVs, and developing doctrines prioritising speed, flexibility, and decentralisation. The book also raises critical ethical and strategic questions. How do nations balance using autonomous systems with the principles of humanitarian law? What happens when such technologies fall into the hands of non-state actors or rogue states? These are challenges that the global military community must address as the era of drone warfare matures.

 

Antal’s writing is both accessible and authoritative. He balances technical detail and engaging prose, making complex military concepts understandable to a broad audience. The book is well-structured, with each chapter building logically on the previous one. Antal’s use of maps, diagrams, and first-hand accounts enhances the reader’s understanding of the conflict’s dynamics. Moreover, the book’s pacing mirrors the rapid tempo of the war itself. Antal captures the urgency and unpredictability of modern combat, immersing the reader in the battlefield’s chaos while maintaining analytical clarity.

 

While 7 Seconds to Die is a ground-breaking analysis, it has shortcomings. The book is heavily focused on Azerbaijan’s success, sometimes at the expense of a more balanced view of Armenia’s strategies and failures. A deeper exploration of Armenia’s countermeasures (or lack thereof) would have provided a fuller picture of the conflict. Additionally, while the book excels in describing the tactical and operational implications of drone warfare, its treatment of the broader geopolitical consequences is relatively brief. For instance, how might the proliferation of such technologies affect regional stability in the South Caucasus? These questions deserve more attention.

 

Beyond its analysis of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, 7Seconds to Die is a wake-up call for nations and militaries worldwide. The book highlights the growing accessibility of advanced military technologies, raising concerns about democratising lethality. As Antal notes, the cost of entry for drone warfare is relatively low, meaning that even smaller nations or non-state actors can achieve disproportionate effects. The book also underscores the need for robust international norms and agreements to regulate the use of such technologies. Without clear rules, the risk of escalation, misuse, and collateral damage increases significantly.

 

7 Seconds to Die is a landmark work that captures the essence of 21st-century warfare. John C. Antal’s meticulous analysis of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War offers valuable lessons for military professionals, policymakers, and scholars. The book is a sobering reminder that the future of warfare will be dominated by speed, precision, and technological ingenuity. While some gaps remain in its geopolitical analysis, Antal’s work is a testament to technology’s transformative power in shaping the battlefield. 7 Seconds to Die is an essential read for anyone seeking to understand the future of military conflict.

 

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556: LOYAL WINGMAN CONCEPT: REDEFINING AIR COMBAT (India’s Strategic Entry in the Program)

 

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My Article published on the EurasiaTimes website on 11 Dec 24.

 

The “Loyal Wingman” concept refers to an innovative approach in military aviation where autonomous or semi-autonomous drones or unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs) work in tandem with piloted aircraft to perform various support and combat missions. These drones act as “wingmen” to human pilots, providing increased situational awareness, expanding mission capabilities, and reducing the risk to human pilots by taking on more dangerous or complex tasks.

 

Roles, Tasks and Missions. Loyal wingmen can perform numerous roles, tasks and missions. They can conduct ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance) missions, gathering real-time data and electronic jamming to disrupt enemy communications, radar, or defence systems. They can carry out precision strikes against enemy targets or act as decoys to draw enemy fire, helping protect manned aircraft. They can also provide additional defensive cover to the manned flights, using onboard sensors to detect incoming threats such as missiles or hostile aircraft.

 

Advantages. The Loyal Wingman concept offers numerous advantages across various aspects of military operations. Multiple drones working in tandem with a manned platform allow one pilot to manage more assets, effectively increasing the overall combat power without needing additional manned aircraft. They allow a more aggressive approach without fear of losing expensive manned aircraft or risking human lives.  Loyal wingmen are often equipped with advanced sensors and communication systems, allowing them to gather and share real-time intelligence with the manned aircraft. This increases the pilot’s situational awareness by providing additional eyes on the battlefield, detecting threats, and providing early warning of incoming dangers.  Their modular design allows for rapid reconfiguration based on mission requirements and is more cost-effective.

 

Technology Enablers. The Loyal Wingman concept relies on various advanced technologies to enable autonomous drones to work alongside manned aircraft in combat operations. These technologies ensure that drones can perform tasks efficiently. AI enables Loyal Wingman drones to operate independently or semi-autonomously, making real-time decisions without constant human input. AI also allows for coordination between multiple drones and manned aircraft. Loyal Wingman drones have advanced sensors that gather data across multiple spectrums, as well as secure communications and data links. Advanced navigation systems allow them to operate in environments where GPS signals may be jammed or unavailable. Many Loyal Wingman drones are designed with low radar cross-sections (RCS), infrared suppression, and other stealth features to reduce their visibility to enemy radar and sensors. An intuitive Human-Machine interface, including voice commands, graphical interfaces, or augmented reality (AR) systems, is crucial for operational success.

 

Loyal Wingman Projects Under Development

 

Several nations and defence organisations worldwide are actively developing the Loyal Wingman concept.

 

Boeing Airpower Teaming System (ATS). The Boeing Airpower Teaming System (ATS) is a ground breaking unmanned combat aircraft developed by Boeing in collaboration with the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). It is designed with advanced artificial intelligence (AI) and autonomy. This allows the ATS to coordinate with manned aircraft such as the F/A-18 Super Hornet, F-35 Lightning II, or other fighter jets. The ATS can operate independently or under minimal human supervision, making real-time decisions based on mission objectives, threats, and the battlefield environment.  One of the ATS’s most innovative aspects is its modular payload design. The ATS is designed to minimise its radar signature, making it more difficult for enemy forces to detect and engage. Its high speed enables it to keep up with manned fighter jets and effectively perform coordinated operations. The ATS conducted its first successful flight in March 2021, marking a significant milestone in developing unmanned teaming technology.

 

Skyborg. Skyborg is an ambitious program developed by the United States Air Force (USAF) to create a family of autonomous, unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs) that can operate alongside manned aircraft, functioning as “loyal wingmen” and performing a wide range of missions. The Skyborg initiative is part of the broader USAF vision of developing low-cost, expendable unmanned systems to complement manned aircraft like the F-35 Lightning II, F-22 Raptor, and other next-generation platforms. The core of the Skyborg program is the development of a robust autonomy core system (ACS)—a sophisticated AI platform that allows UAVs to fly and fight with little to no human input. The Skyborg program involves partnerships with several aerospace and defence companies, including Boeing, Kratos Defense, General Atomics, and Northrop Grumman, developing different UAV platforms to test Skyborg’s AI capabilities. These companies provide the hardware and airframes, while the USAF focuses on integrating the AI systems. One of the most notable platforms associated with Skyborg is the Kratos XQ-58A Valkyrie, an unmanned aerial vehicle considered a key candidate for Skyborg operations. Other platforms, like the General Atomics MQ-20 Avenger and Boeing ATS (Airpower Teaming System), are also being tested for Skyborg’s AI-driven operations. The first successful flight of a Skyborg-equipped drone took place in April 2021, when the autonomy core system was tested on a Kratos Valkyrie UAV. This marked a significant milestone in demonstrating the AI’s ability to operate autonomously, navigate, and perform essential mission functions without human intervention. The Skyborg program represents a crucial shift in the USAF’s approach to air combat, emphasising the importance of autonomous systems in future warfare.

 

Kratos XQ-58A Valkyrie. The Kratos XQ-58A Valkyrie is an experimental unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) developed by Kratos Defense & Security Solutions for the United States Air Force (USAF) as part of its Low-Cost Attritable Aircraft Technology (LCAAT) initiative. The XQ-58A is designed to function as a “loyal wingman,” supporting manned aircraft by performing various missions autonomously or under human supervision. It aims to offer a low-cost, expendable option for future combat scenarios. The XQ-58A Valkyrie is designed to operate in various roles alongside manned aircraft, such as the F-35 or F-22. The Valkyrie flew in March 2019 at Yuma Proving Ground in Arizona. Since then, it has undergone several test flights, demonstrating its ability to fly autonomously, deploy weapons, and work in tandem with manned aircraft. The ongoing development is focused on further integrating the aircraft into USAF operations and exploring its full range of mission capabilities. The project aligns with the Skyborg program.

 

Future Combat Air System (FCAS) Loyal Wing Man Project of Europe. The Future Combat Air System (FCAS) is a major European defence initiative to develop a next-generation air combat capability. It involves several countries, primarily France, Germany, and Spain. It focuses on integrating advanced technologies into a new family of systems that will replace the ageing fleets of fighter aircraft, such as the Eurofighter Typhoon and Dassault Rafale. A vital aspect of the FCAS is the development of loyal wingman drones designed to work alongside manned fighter jets. The FCAS project was officially launched in 2017. The program envisions a network of systems, often called the “system of systems,” that can communicate and operate together in a complex battlefield environment. The FCAS program is structured in phases. The goal is to have a prototype of the next-generation fighter by the mid-2030s. According to recent updates, the FCAS program continues to evolve, with ongoing discussions about integrating technologies and the roles of various nations in the project.

 

Loyal Wing Man Project Flygplan 2020 of Sweden. The Loyal Wingman Project in Sweden, known as Flygplan 2020 (or Airplane 2020), is an initiative to develop an advanced unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that will operate alongside Sweden’s manned fighter jets, mainly the Saab JAS 39 Gripen. The Flygplan 2020 project is being developed with various partners, including defence industry stakeholders, research institutions, and the Swedish Armed Forces. Saab, a leading aerospace and defence company, plays a crucial role in the project, leveraging its aircraft design and development expertise. The Flygplan 2020 project incorporates cutting-edge technologies, including advanced avionics, communications systems, and data fusion capabilities. While specific timelines for the Flygplan 2020 project may vary, the development of loyal wingman capabilities is expected to progress in line with advancements in drone technology and changing defence needs.

 

Russia’s Loyal Wing Man. Like other nations, Russia is also pursuing the development of the Loyal Wingman system. The Okhotnik-B is a stealthy unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) developed by Sukhoi. It is designed for various roles, including reconnaissance and precision strikes. The Okhotnik-B features a flying wing design for reduced radar signature and is intended to operate in conjunction with manned aircraft, such as the Su-57 fighter jet. The Orion drone is designed for reconnaissance and strike missions. While not a traditional Loyal Wingman platform, its capabilities align with the concept by enabling it to operate alongside manned fighters and support them in various roles. Russian Loyal Wingman systems prioritise stealth capabilities, with designs that minimise radar cross-section and infrared signatures.  Russia also aims to develop UCAVs that can operate autonomously or semi-autonomously. While Russia has made strides in developing Loyal Wingman systems, it faces challenges in achieving the same technological sophistication as in some other systems.

 

China’s Loyal Wingman. China has significantly advanced in developing its own Loyal Wingman systems. The CH-7 is an unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) developed by the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC). The CH-7 features stealthy design elements, advanced avionics, and a modular payload system, making it capable of operating alongside manned aircraft in combat scenarios. While primarily recognised as a reconnaissance and strike drone, the Wing Loong series (e.g., Wing Loong II) showcases capabilities that align with the Loyal Wingman concept. Another notable UCAV, the GJ-11, is designed with stealth features and advanced avionics. These drones are designed to coordinate with manned platforms. Chinese Loyal Wingman systems, like Russian systems, are designed to focus on low observability. China is heavily investing in AI technologies to enhance the autonomy of its Loyal Wingman systems. These drones are expected to operate semi-autonomously or autonomously, making real-time decisions during missions and adapting to changing battlefield conditions. China actively seeks to export its UAV technologies. China’s Loyal Wingman systems are expected to play a significant role in its military strategy and regional power projection.

 

Indian HAL’s CATS.

 

 

HAL CATS (Combat Air Teaming System) is an advanced unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) program being developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) in collaboration with other Indian defence agencies. The program is part of India’s effort to develop indigenous drone technologies capable of operating alongside manned aircraft. HAL CATS aligns with the growing global trend of integrating unmanned systems with traditional fighter jets through Manned-Unmanned Teaming (MUM-T). The CATS program includes multiple drone systems and components that work synergistically with manned aircraft, particularly with India’s HAL Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) and other future platforms. CATS’ key elements include the following:-

 

    • CATS Warrior. The CATS Warrior is a loyal wingman UAV designed to fly alongside manned fighter jets, like the HAL Tejas. It can operate autonomously or under the direction of the manned aircraft, performing tasks such as reconnaissance, surveillance, and strike missions. The CATS Warrior will be armed with precision-guided munitions and can take on enemy targets independently or in support of manned aircraft. Its design focuses on being stealthy, agile, and capable of engaging in high-risk environments where manned platforms might face significant threats.

 

    • CATS Hunter. CATS Hunter is a high-speed drone designed to act as a cruise missile capable of long-range precision strikes. It can be deployed from manned aircraft or larger UAVs and is intended for missions that require attacking heavily defended or high-value targets. It will carry advanced payloads such as precision-guided bombs and can strike enemy radar installations, command centers, and other critical infrastructure.

 

    • CATS Alpha. CATS Alpha is a smaller, swarming drone working in groups to overwhelm enemy defences. These drones can be deployed in large numbers from manned or unmanned platforms to perform a variety of missions, including reconnaissance, electronic warfare, and decoy operations. The idea is for CATS Alpha to create confusion and disrupt enemy systems, allowing manned and larger unmanned platforms to penetrate deeper into contested areas.

 

    • CATS Infinity. CATS Infinity is a long-range, high-altitude drone designed for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions. It will operate at high altitudes for extended periods, providing continuous data to ground commanders and manned aircraft. CATS Infinity will likely monitor large areas, gather intelligence on enemy movements, and support strike planning by providing real-time data.

 

The HAL CATS program represents a significant step for India in developing indigenous unmanned combat systems. With increasing threats from neighbouring adversaries and a push to modernise India’s air force, CATS is crucial in bolstering the country’s aerial defence and combat capabilities. As autonomous systems become more sophisticated, HAL CATS could form the backbone of India’s future air warfare strategy. Complementing manned platforms like the Tejas and future fighters would provide a flexible, powerful, and resilient air force capable of handling modern combat challenges.

 

Your valuable comments are most welcome.

 

Link to the published article:

https://www.eurasiantimes.com/bodyguards-of-future-fighter-jets/

 

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References and credits

To all the online sites and channels.

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