632: 5G RACE BETWEEN THE DRAGON AND THE EAGLE: POTENTIAL TO ENHANCE AERIAL WARFARE

 

My Article Published on the EurasianTimes Website on 30 Mar 25.

 

Beginning of Mar 25, at the Mobile World Congress (MWC) in Barcelona, Nokia revealed that US defence and aerospace manufacturer Lockheed has deployed Nokia’s 5G solutions into its Hybrid Base Station. According to its website, Lockheed’s HBS is a unified network solution that provides communications, Edge processing, and advanced network capabilities for interoperable, resilient, and secure connectivity and data flow across all domains. Nokia added that its military-grade 5G technology makes it possible to “integrate commercial 5G connections with military communications systems to provide decisive information for national defence,” highlighting the importance of interoperability.

 

Earlier this year, China claimed to have introduced what it describes as the world’s first mobile 5G base station for military purposes. According to a South China Morning Post report, it was developed in partnership with China Mobile Communications Group and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA). The reports highlighted that the 5G mobile base station delivers high-speed, low-latency, and secure data services, supporting up to 10,000 users within a 3km radius. The system maintains a consistent total throughput of 10 gigabits per second with latency under 15 milliseconds. The report also stated that this new 5G base station paves the way for the extensive deployment of intelligent war machines. China is currently constructing what it claims to be the world’s most significant unmanned military force, featuring advanced yet cost-effective drones, robotic dogs, and other autonomous combat platforms that could eventually outnumber human soldiers.

 

Effective communication is essential in military aviation, where split-second decisions can determine a mission’s success or a personnel’s safety. The advent of fifth-generation wireless technology (5G) and advanced communication networks promises to revolutionise this field. With unparalleled speed, low latency, and extensive connectivity, 5G has transformative potential for real-time data sharing among aircraft, command centres, and other platforms. It enhances real-time communications in military aviation, strengthens network-centric warfare for a more integrated air force, and introduces security risks that must be addressed to protect operations. By examining these factors, we can recognise the significant implications of advanced communication technologies for modern military aviation.

 

Understanding 5G Technology. 5G, the fifth generation of wireless communication technology, is characterised by its high speed, low latency, and capacity to connect many devices simultaneously. These attributes make it a game-changer for military aviation, where timely and reliable communication is critical. Unlike its predecessors, 5G operates on higher frequency bands, such as millimeter waves, providing wider bandwidths for faster data transmission. It also employs techniques like beam forming, directing signals to specific devices rather than broadcasting omnidirectionally, to optimise signal strength and reduce interference.

 

Military Aviation: Possibilities

In military aviation, real-time data sharing involves the seamless exchange of information between aircraft, command centers, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and other platforms. 5 G’s speed often exceeds 1 Gbps. Its latency, reduced to as low as 1 millisecond, enables near-instantaneous communication, a stark improvement over 4G’s 20-30 millisecond latency.

Types of Data.  Real-time data is crucial in military and defence applications, enhancing situational awareness and operational efficiency. Sensor data from radar, infrared, and other detection systems provide critical intelligence on enemy positions and movements. For instance, a fighter jet detecting a hostile target can instantly transmit its coordinates to allied forces, improving response time. Video feeds, including HD or 4K footage from UAVs or onboard cameras, offer live intelligence, with 5G ensuring seamless transmission to command centers. Telemetry data tracks aircraft speed, altitude, fuel levels, and system health, enabling proactive maintenance and reducing downtime. Communication data, including voice and text transmissions, ensures seamless coordination between pilots, ground crews, and commanders, facilitating synchronised operations. These data types support real-time decision-making, enhancing battlefield effectiveness, reducing risks, and optimising mission success rates. Integrating AI and advanced networks further strengthens these capabilities, making modern military operations more responsive and precise.

Enhancing Data Sharing Across Platforms. In combat scenarios, aircraft must exchange vast amounts of data, radar signatures, sensor readings, high-definition video feeds, and tactical updates with command centers and allied units. Consider a multi-aircraft operation targeting enemy defences: each fighter jet must instantly share its position, target data, and threat assessments. For instance, a reconnaissance plane detecting an enemy convoy could stream live video to a command center, relaying precise coordinates to strike aircraft within moments. This speed enhances decision-making, enabling commanders to adapt strategies dynamically. Moreover, 5G’s low latency is a game-changer for time-sensitive applications. Even a half-second delay could be fatal during air-to-air engagements, where pilots rely on real-time radar and missile lock data. By slashing latency to 1 ms, 5G ensures data arrives when needed, improving coordination and precision.

Integration with Unmanned Systems. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and drones are increasingly vital to military operations and performing reconnaissance, strikes, and electronic warfare. These systems depend on robust communication links to receive commands and transmit data. 5G’s high capacity and responsiveness enhance this connectivity. For example, a drone swarm conducting surveillance over hostile territory could send high-resolution imagery back to a command center while receiving real-time updated flight instructions. This capability supports more autonomous and complex UAV missions, such as coordinated attacks or perimeter defence, by maintaining a constant, reliable link. Additionally, 5G’s massive device connectivity allows numerous sensors and platforms to be integrated. A single operation might involve dozens of drones, manned aircraft, and ground stations, all sharing data through a unified network. This scalability ensures the communication infrastructure can keep pace as unmanned systems proliferate, fostering a more versatile and responsive air force.

Network-Centric Joint Warfare. Network-centric warfare (NCW) redefines military operations by linking all elements, aircraft, ground forces, naval units, and command centers into a cohesive information-sharing network. The goal is to achieve a decisive advantage through enhanced situational awareness, coordination, and speed. In aviation, NCW transforms isolated aircraft into nodes within a broader system, amplifying their effectiveness through collective intelligence. With 5G, NCW reaches new heights. Its high-speed, low-latency network enables seamless data exchange across platforms, creating a more integrated air force. Imagine a scenario where a reconnaissance drone identifies a mobile missile launcher. Within seconds, 5G transmits this intelligence to a nearby fighter jet, which adjusts its flight path while informing ground-based air defences and a command center. The jet engages the target, and the updated status is shared network-wide, allowing other units to reposition accordingly. This rapid, synchronised response exemplifies how 5G enhances operational tempo and effectiveness.

Enhancing Situational Awareness.  Modern combat aircraft, including fifth- and sixth-generation fighters, rely heavily on seamless communication with command centers, reconnaissance drones, and other allied aircraft. The ability to transmit and receive data in real time enhances situational awareness, allowing pilots to react swiftly to evolving threats.

Optimising Command and Control. Military command centers depend on real-time data feeds to make strategic decisions. 5G networks enable instantaneous transmission of mission-critical information, including radar feeds, target tracking, and intelligence updates. This increased speed and reliability minimises decision-making delays, ensuring that commanders can deploy assets more efficiently and respond dynamically to threats.

AI and Big Data Integration. Advanced communication networks empower artificial intelligence (AI) systems to analyse vast battlefield data in real time. AI-driven analytics can provide predictive insights on enemy movements, optimise flight paths, and suggest strategic manoeuvres to pilots. Fusing AI with 5G networks creates a more innovative, adaptive military force capable of making split-second decisions based on real-time intelligence. This integration allows for the efficient processing of large volumes of data, enabling the military to make informed decisions and respond effectively to changing situations.

 

Security Risks

Integrating 5G into military aviation offers enhanced communication, real-time data sharing, and improved battlefield awareness. However, it also introduces significant security risks that could compromise mission success. As military systems increasingly rely on wireless, software-driven networks, the attack surface expands, creating new vulnerabilities.

One primary concern is jamming and interference, whereby adversaries employ electronic warfare techniques to disrupt 5G signals, which could sever critical communication links. Cyber attacks pose another serious threat; hackers might manipulate data transmissions, injecting false coordinates into navigation systems, potentially leading to disastrous consequences such as mission failure or friendly fire. Espionage is also a pressing issue, as adversaries could intercept sensitive transmissions, including radar data and flight plans, thereby exposing strategic operations. Furthermore, vulnerabilities in the supply chain emerge due to reliance on commercial 5G infrastructure.

Many private firms involved in 5G deployment may inadvertently introduce security loopholes, whether intentionally or not, granting hostile entities backdoor access. The sheer speed of 5G exacerbates these risks, allowing adversaries to launch large-scale cyber attacks more swiftly than traditional defence mechanisms can react. Additionally, the heavy dependence on virtualisation and software-defined networking introduces software-based vulnerabilities, which, if left unpatched, could be exploited by sophisticated attackers.

EW adds another layer of complexity. Adversaries might target 5G’s millimeter-wave frequencies, which, while offering high bandwidth, are susceptible to interference in contested environments. A successful jamming operation could isolate aircraft from command, crippling NCW’s effectiveness.

Threats to Military Aviation. These risks have dire implications in aviation. A compromised 5G network could disrupt UAV control, causing drones to crash or attack unintended targets. Interrupted communications might allow enemies to anticipate and counter manoeuvres during a coordinated strike. Moreover, reliance on commercial networks shared in 5G deployments raises concerns about espionage, especially if foreign entities dominate the supply chain. For instance, debates over certain manufacturers’ involvement in 5G infrastructure highlight fears of embedded vulnerabilities accessible to rival nations.

 

Mitigation Strategies.

To address the security risks associated with 5G in military aviation, robust defence mechanisms must be established. Encryption is vital, ensuring that intercepted communications remain indecipherable to adversaries—end-to-end encryption safeguards sensitive data, such as radar feeds and flight plans, from exploitation. Authentication protocols further bolster security by requiring multi-factor authentication to verify user and device identities, thereby preventing unauthorised access. Intrusion detection systems play a crucial role by continuously monitoring network traffic for anomalies, enabling rapid responses to cyber threats before they cause harm. Furthermore, redundancy is essential—backup communication channels, such as satellite links, provide fail-safes during 5G network disruption due to jamming or cyber attacks. Developing dedicated, military-specific 5G networks, distinct from commercial infrastructure, further enhances security by minimising exposure to supply chain risks and potential backdoors. Regular security audits and penetration testing assist in identifying vulnerabilities before adversaries can exploit them. Collaborating with the private sector can also strengthen the security of commercial components used in military applications. Lastly, training personnel to recognise cyber threats and respond effectively ensures that human factors do not become vulnerabilities in cyber security. The military can mitigate 5G-related risks while harnessing its advantages by adopting a comprehensive, multi-layered defence strategy.

 

Conclusion

The 5G race between China and the United States is more than just a contest for technological supremacy; it is a battle that could redefine the future of aerial warfare. As both nations invest heavily in next-generation networks, integrating 5G into military aviation will enable faster data transmission, enhanced artificial intelligence, and real-time battlefield awareness. This technology has the potential to revolutionise drone warfare, enable seamless coordination between manned and unmanned systems, and improve electronic warfare capabilities. However, the competition is not solely about innovation but security and strategic dominance. The United States remains wary of China’s 5G infrastructure, citing risks of espionage and cyber vulnerabilities, while China continues to push its indigenous advancements to reduce dependence on Western technology. The outcome of this race will not only shape military strategies but also influence global alliances, trade policies, and the future of digital warfare. As the dragon and the eagle vie for control, nations aligning with either power must carefully navigate the geopolitical implications of their technological choices. Ultimately, the side that harnesses 5G most effectively for aerial combat may gain a decisive edge in future conflicts, setting the stage for a new era of warfare.

 

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U.S.-China Aerial Warfare: How 5G Could Redefine The Future Of Battles Between The Dragon & The Eagle

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References:-

  1. Bertók, P., Salah, K., & Zhuang, W. (2022). “Security Challenges and Countermeasures in 5G Networks for Military Use.” IEEE Access, 10, 49321–49337.
  1. O’Hanlon, M. (2021). “The Role of Advanced Communications in Future Military Conflicts.” Brookings Institution Report.
  1. He, Y., & Song, H. (2023). “5G-Enabled Cyber Defence in Military Aviation: Threats and Solutions.” Defence Technology, 19(4), 320-336.
  1. Weinbaum, C. (2022). “5G and the Battlefield of the Future.” Defence One. www.defenseone.com
  1. Strout, N. (2023). “How the Pentagon Plans to Secure 5G Networks for Military Use.” C4ISRNET. www.c4isrnet.com
  1. McLeary, P. (2023). “5G, AI, and the Future of Defense Communications.” Breaking Defence. Retrieved from www.breakingdefense.com
  1. U.S. Department of Defense. (2020). 5G Strategy Implementation Plan. www.defense.gov
  1. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). 5G Technologies in Future Air Combat Systems. NATO Communications and Information Agency (NCIA), 2022.
  1. Ericsson. (2021). The Role of 5G in Defense and Security Applications. Retrieved from www.ericsson.com
  1. RAND Corporation. (2023). The Future of 5G in U.S. Military Operations. www.rand.org
  1. International Air Transport Association (IATA). 5G and Military Aviation: Enabling Next-Generation Communications. IATA Aviation Technology Conference, 2022.
  1. Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). Next-Gen Combat Cloud: How 5G Will Enhance Aerial Combat Systems. AFRL Annual Symposium, 2023.
  1. European Defence Agency. The Role of 5G in Military Communication Networks. EDA Technical Report, 2021.
  1. Erwin, Sandra. “How 5G Could Revolutionize Air Combat Networks.” SpaceNews, 15 August 2021.
  1. Mehta, Aaron. “5G and the Future of Military Aviation: The Risks and Benefits.” Breaking Defense, 10 November 2022.
  1. Gao, Charlie. “The Air Force’s 5G Ambitions: A Faster, Smarter, and More Connected Force.” The National Interest, 5 January 2023.

626: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MODERN WARFARE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

 

My Article was published on the Indus International Research Foundation Website on 20 Mar 25.

 

In the modern battlefield, timely and accurate information is paramount. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in various sectors, and its integration into the military is particularly notable. AI’s integration into strategic and tactical decision-making transforms military operations by enabling leaders to anticipate potential threats, optimise resource allocation, and make faster, data-driven decisions. AI rapidly becomes a core tool for enhancing military decision-making, revolutionising strategies, and operational efficiency. It reshapes how military leaders approach battlefield tactics, logistics, and strategic planning through rapid data processing, sophisticated simulations, and predictive analysis. As armed forces worldwide increasingly adopt AI technologies, the implications for strategy, tactics, and operational efficiency are profound. While AI offers unprecedented benefits, its integration in military contexts introduces ethical concerns and strategic challenges that are central to its future role.

 

The Evolution of AI in Military Applications. The military’s interest in AI is not recent; it dates back several decades. The initial exploration of AI technologies in military contexts began in the 1950s and 1960s, focusing on simulations and rudimentary decision support systems. Over the years, advancements in machine learning, data analytics, and computational power have dramatically enhanced the capabilities of AI systems. In the 1960s, AI research focused on symbolic reasoning and game theory, with early applications in strategic simulations. The Cold War era spurred investments in AI research as nations sought technological advantages. The Gulf War in the early 1990s highlighted the importance of information superiority. AI technologies began integrating command and control systems, enabling real-time data analysis and enhanced situational awareness. The development of drones and unmanned systems marked a significant shift, with AI increasingly applied to operational contexts. Today, AI applications in the military encompass various areas, including autonomous vehicles, predictive analytics, intelligence gathering, and combat simulations. Countries like the United States, China, and Russia are investing heavily in AI research to enhance their military capabilities.

 

Benefits of AI in Military. Integrating AI into the military offers significant benefits, including increased efficiency, accuracy, and situational awareness. AI technologies streamline processes and enhance operational efficiency. By automating routine tasks, military personnel can focus on strategic planning and execution. AI systems improve the accuracy of military operations by providing data-driven insights that reduce human error. Analysing data in real time enhances decision-making, particularly in high-stakes environments. AI technologies improve situational awareness by integrating data from various sources, providing commanders with a comprehensive understanding of the battlefield. These practical advantages underscore the importance of AI in military decision-making.

 

AI in Military Contexts.

AI in the military can be broadly classified as data analytics, autonomous systems, decision support, and cyber defence. Its ability to quickly process large volumes of data and identify patterns has made AI a powerful tool for intelligence analysis, operational planning, and logistics optimisation.

 

Data Analytics and ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance). AI-driven data analytics enhance ISR capabilities by analysing satellite images, social media data, intercepted communications, and more to identify potential threats. AI systems analyse real-time ISR data, recognising patterns that may indicate enemy movements or hidden threats. Machine learning models trained on historical data help predict potential adversarial actions, giving military leaders a tactical advantage. For example, deep learning models analyse satellite and drone imagery, identifying military installations, troop movements, or equipment locations with minimal human input. By providing commanders with this intelligence in near real-time, AI reduces the time needed to make informed tactical decisions.

 

Simulation and War Gaming. AI-powered simulations are invaluable for testing different scenarios in war gaming exercises. These simulations incorporate diverse factors, including adversary capabilities, weather, and terrain, to provide a realistic projection of possible outcomes. Such tools allow leaders to plan and rehearse operations, identify weaknesses, and refine strategies. AI simulations support large-scale strategic planning and small-unit tactics, helping teams understand the consequences of their actions before taking them on the battlefield. War gaming simulations also train and prepare soldiers and officers for complex and high-stress situations through realistic, AI-generated scenarios.

 

Predictive Maintenance and Logistics Optimisation. AI enhances logistics by predicting when vehicles or other equipment may need maintenance, ensuring that military assets are operational when required. Predictive maintenance uses AI to analyse sensor data from equipment, forecasting failures before they happen and reducing operational downtime. For instance, AI predicts tank engine wear or helicopter rotor fatigue based on operational data, allowing maintenance teams to perform pre-emptive repairs, which can be critical in conflict scenarios. This application is more efficient and potentially life-saving, a testament to the significant role AI plays in military operations.

 

Autonomous and Semi-Autonomous Systems. Autonomous systems driven by AI are reshaping the modern battlefield. Drones, ground robots, and other unmanned systems operate with varying degrees of autonomy, performing ISR, transport, and combat tasks that traditionally require human soldiers. These systems extend operational capabilities, allowing military forces to engage in high-risk missions with minimal direct exposure to human personnel.

 

Unmanned Aerial and Ground Vehicles. AI enables drones and unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) to operate autonomously in complex environments. Equipped with computer vision and machine learning algorithms, these systems navigate hostile terrain, conduct reconnaissance, and sometimes engage targets without direct human intervention. These AI-driven vehicles can also perform multi-mission roles, often shifting from reconnaissance to combat, depending on mission needs. This flexibility allows commanders to adapt real-time strategies, using the same resources for multiple purposes, improving efficiency, and extending operational reach.

 

Swarm Technology. Swarm technology, in which groups of autonomous systems work collaboratively, represents a new frontier in military robotics. AI allows swarms of drones to communicate, make collective decisions, and adapt to changing environments, enabling them to overwhelm defences, conduct coordinated surveillance, and jam enemy signals. In a combat situation, drone swarms could confuse adversary radar systems or execute diversionary tactics, creating openings for human-operated forces. This level of coordination and adaptability would be almost impossible without AI, which processes environmental data and adjusts the swarm’s behaviour in real-time.

 

Autonomous Combat Systems and the Kill Chain. One of the most controversial uses of AI in the military is automating the “kill chain”, the sequence of decisions from target identification to engagement. While current norms generally require human oversight, there is a growing interest in developing systems that can autonomously engage targets under specific circumstances. This application raises profound ethical and legal questions, as fully autonomous combat systems could operate beyond human control, making decisions with lethal consequences. Concerns over accountability, discrimination between combatants and civilians, and the potential for accidental escalation of conflicts are central to debates on the future of such technologies.

 

Cyber Defence and Information Warfare. Cyber warfare is a crucial area where AI aids in protecting military assets from digital threats. With its ability to rapidly detect anomalies, AI helps military cyber teams identify potential intrusions and respond to cyber attacks, significantly improving defence against increasingly sophisticated adversaries.

 

Threat Detection and Response. AI-powered systems monitor military networks, identifying unusual activities and rapidly flagging potential threats. These systems can differentiate between normal and malicious behaviour by analysing network patterns, user behaviour, and system performance. Machine learning models constantly adapt to new tactics and techniques cyber adversaries use, making them crucial in mitigating advanced persistent threats (APTs). AI also plays a role in “active defence,” where it identifies an intruder and takes countermeasures, potentially isolating affected systems or misleading the adversary. Such rapid response mechanisms enhance cyber security in ways that are challenging to achieve with human teams alone.

 

Information Warfare and Disinformation Detection. Information warfare has become a critical aspect of military operations, with adversaries frequently spreading misinformation to undermine morale and erode public trust. AI-driven tools can identify disinformation patterns by analysing social media and other communications platforms and flagging content designed to mislead or destabilise. AI’s ability to monitor, detect, and counteract information attacks helps protect soldiers and civilians from psychological manipulation while countering adversarial narratives that aim to weaken resolve or incite division.

 

Decision Support Systems (DSS). AI-based DSS provides commanders with actionable insights, predicting adversary behaviour and logistics needs and suggesting strategies to address dynamic battlefield conditions. AI’s benefits in military decision-making are substantial, enhancing speed, accuracy, and operational readiness. AI allows faster decision-making by processing information and identifying threats quicker than human operators. This speed is critical in time-sensitive combat situations where delayed responses can mean the difference between success and failure.

 

AI-enabled Systems.

Project Maven. Initiated by the U.S. Department of Defence in 2017, Project Maven aims to leverage AI to enhance the military’s ability to analyse drone footage and other visual data. By employing machine learning algorithms, Project Maven can automatically identify objects and activities in video feeds, significantly improving the speed and accuracy of intelligence analysis. According to the DoD, “Project Maven enables the Department of Defence to leverage AI and machine learning to make sense of vast amounts of data.” This project exemplifies the practical application of AI in military operations, transforming how intelligence is gathered and analysed.

 

Aegis Combat System. The Aegis Combat System is an advanced naval weapons system used by the U.S. Navy and allied forces. It employs AI to enhance threat detection, tracking, and engagement capabilities. Aegis integrates data from multiple sensors to provide real-time situational awareness, enabling rapid decision-making in combat scenarios.

 

Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) are a controversial application of AI in military operations. These systems can select and engage targets without human intervention, raising ethical and legal concerns. Proponents argue that LAWS can reduce risks to human soldiers and increase operational efficiency. However, critics warn that lacking human oversight in lethal decision-making could lead to unintended consequences. The United Nations has called for discussions on regulating autonomous weapons, emphasising the need for human accountability in such systems.

 

Challenges and Concerns.

Implementing AI in the military involves several practical challenges, including ethical concerns, data quality, adversarial threats, and potential over-reliance on technology. While AI presents significant opportunities for military decision-making, several challenges and ethical considerations must be addressed.

 

Data Privacy and Security. Integrating AI into military operations raises concerns about data privacy and security. Collecting and analysing vast amounts of data, including personal information, can lead to potential misuse or unauthorised access. Ensuring data integrity and protecting sensitive information are critical challenges for military organisations. Cyber security measures must be robust to prevent adversaries from exploiting vulnerabilities in AI systems.

 

Data Quality and Integration. AI systems require high-quality, structured data to make accurate decisions. Military data sources are often fragmented, making integrating and ensuring data quality difficult. If AI systems operate on poor or incomplete data, they may produce incorrect or unreliable decisions, which could have dire consequences.

 

Reliability and Trust. AI systems are not infallible and can be prone to errors, particularly in complex and dynamic environments. Building trust in AI systems is crucial for military personnel to rely on them in high-stakes situations. Ensuring the reliability and accuracy of AI algorithms requires continuous testing and validation. Military organisations must establish protocols to assess the performance of AI systems before deployment.

 

Ethical Implications, Accountability and Responsibility. Despite its benefits, AI in military decision-making raises moral and legal concerns, particularly regarding autonomy, accountability, and adherence to international laws. The potential for machines to make life-and-death decisions without human intervention raises concerns about accountability and moral responsibility. Accountability can be ambiguous in AI-driven operations. If an autonomous weapon causes unintended harm, it is often unclear whether responsibility falls on the AI developer, the commanding officer, or the operator. Establishing clear accountability is essential to prevent the misuse of AI technologies and to ensure legal and ethical conduct in military operations. The moral implications of using AI in warfare have led to calls for regulatory frameworks to govern the development and deployment of autonomous systems. Experts argue that human oversight is essential to maintain ethical standards in military operations.

 

Compliance with International Law. Many AI applications in warfare, such as autonomous drones and weaponised robots, may challenge existing international treaties, including the Geneva Conventions, which govern the conduct of war and protect non-combatants. The potential for autonomous systems to make lethal decisions without human oversight raises questions about compliance with these international norms.

 

Adversarial AI and Deception.  The potential for adversaries to exploit AI technologies poses a significant threat to military operations. Hostile entities can exploit cyber security vulnerabilities in AI systems to disrupt operations or manipulate data. For example, an adversary might feed false data into an AI system or use techniques to mislead autonomous systems, potentially leading to harmful or counterproductive decisions. Military organisations must develop counter-AI strategies and robust cyber security measures to safeguard their systems from adversarial threats. Collaboration with industry and academia can enhance resilience against emerging threats.

 

Dependence on Technology and Operational Vulnerability. Over-reliance on AI could create vulnerabilities, particularly if these systems are compromised or disabled in combat. If soldiers and commanders become too dependent on AI-based decision support, they may lack the necessary skills or resilience to operate without these tools in high-stress situations.

 

Future of AI in Military Decision-Making

As AI technology evolves, its role in military decision-making will expand. Several key areas warrant attention for future developments. The trajectory of AI in military decision-making suggests further integration, with increased autonomy in combat systems, more sophisticated predictive capabilities, and enhanced collaboration between human and AI decision-makers. However, the future of AI in military contexts will depend on addressing current ethical concerns, refining regulatory frameworks, and developing global agreements on autonomous weaponry.

 

Ongoing Research and Development. Continued research and development in AI technologies will be critical for addressing military applications’ challenges and ethical implications. Collaboration between military organisations, academia, and industry can drive innovation. Governments and defence agencies should invest in research programs exploring AI’s ethical, operational, and technological aspects in military contexts. This approach will ensure that AI systems are developed responsibly and effectively.

 

Human-AI Teaming Models and Collaboration. The future of military decision-making will likely involve greater collaboration between humans and AI systems. AI can augment human decision-making by providing data-driven insights, while human operators can offer contextual understanding and ethical considerations. This human-AI teaming approach leverages AI’s data processing and pattern recognition strengths while preserving human oversight and moral judgment. Developing effective collaboration models will be crucial for maximising AI’s benefits in military operations.

 

Advanced Training and Adaptation. As AI tools evolve, military training will adapt to integrate AI-based decision-making into officer training and war gaming exercises. Future military professionals must understand AI’s capabilities and limitations to ensure they can use these tools effectively and ethically. Enhanced training programs are essential to prepare military personnel to integrate AI technologies. Training should focus on developing skills in data analysis, AI ethics, and human-machine collaboration.

 

Regulatory Frameworks. The rapid advancement of AI technologies necessitates the establishment of regulatory frameworks to govern their use in military operations. Such frameworks should address ethical considerations, accountability, and oversight in autonomous systems. International cooperation is essential for developing norms and standards regarding the use of AI in warfare. Establishing treaties or agreements can help mitigate the risks of autonomous weapons and promote responsible AI use.

 

International Collaboration and AI Arms Control. International collaboration and regulation will be essential to manage the risks associated with military AI. Nations may need to negotiate treaties similar to those that govern nuclear and chemical weapons, establishing protocols and limits for AI-driven autonomous weapons.

 

Conclusion

 Integrating AI into military decision-making reshapes how armed forces operate, strategise, and engage in combat. While AI offers significant benefits regarding efficiency, accuracy, and situational awareness, it also raises significant ethical and operational challenges. As military organisations continue to explore AI technologies, addressing these concerns will ensure responsible and effective use in the field. Balancing AI’s benefits with the principles of international law and ethical warfare will be essential to shaping a future where AI is a responsible and effective partner in military decision-making. The future of military decision-making will depend on finding the right balance between leveraging AI’s capabilities and maintaining human oversight and accountability. As AI technology advances, ongoing research, regulation, and collaboration will ensure that its deployment in military contexts aligns with humanity’s broader goals and values.

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Disclaimer:

Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.

 

 

References: –

  1. U.S. Department of Defence. (2017). Project Maven. Retrieved from DoD Website.
  1. Richardson, J. M. (2016). “The Future of Naval Warfare.” Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute, 142(5), 24-30.
  1. U.S. Army. (2019). Army Artificial Intelligence Strategy. Retrieved from Army.mil.
  1. Scharre, P. (2018). Army of None: Autonomous Weapons and the Future of War. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
  1. United Nations. (2019). Report of the Secretary-General on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems. Retrieved from UN Website.
  1. Hodge, N. (2017). “The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Military Strategy.” Journal of Military Ethics, 16(4), 303-319.
  1. Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency. (2021). AI Next Campaign. Retrieved from DARPA.mil.
  1. Lin, P. (2016). “Why Ethics Matters for Autonomous Cars.” Autonomously Driven Cars: Ethical Implications of the Technology. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
  1. Altmann, J., & Sauer, F. (2017). “Regulating Artificial Intelligence in Warfare.” The International Journal of Human Rights, 21(2), 147-161.
  1. Cebrowski, A. K., & Gartska, J. J. (1998). “Network-Centric Warfare: Its Origin and Future.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, 124(1), 28-35.

617: INPUTS FOR QUESTIONNAIRE ON INDIA-TAIWAN RELATIONS

 

1: How important are semiconductors between the India-Taiwan bilateral ties?

    • Taiwan dominates semiconductor manufacturing, and India aspires to initially become self-reliant and a semiconductor hub in the long run.
    • Semiconductor cooperation can be a key element in India-Taiwan’s bilateral relations.
    • Taiwan is home to TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company), the world’s leading contract chip manufacturer, and other key semiconductor firms like UMC and MediaTek.
    • Taiwan accounts for over 60% of global semiconductor production, making it indispensable in the global semiconductor supply chain.
    • India strives to become a major semiconductor manufacturing and design player with government initiatives like the Semiconductor Mission and incentives under the PLI (Production-Linked Incentive) scheme.
    • However, India lacks advanced fabrication facilities and relies on imports for its semiconductor needs.
    • Taiwanese firms, including TSMC and UMC, have been in discussions about establishing semiconductor plants in India.
    • India and Taiwan have explored partnerships to set up semiconductor packaging and testing facilities.
    • The most prominent initiative in the past was Foxconn’s joint venture with Vedanta to set up a semiconductor fab in India. However, this project faced setbacks, and Foxconn later withdrew.
    • Taiwan’s MediaTek has R&D operations in India, and more companies are eyeing design and software collaborations.
    • Taiwan faces increasing pressure from China, while India has border tensions with Beijing. Strengthening semiconductor ties helps both nations reduce reliance on China.
    • Amid U.S.-China tech tensions, India is a potential alternative for Taiwan to de-risk its semiconductor supply chains. However, due to pressure from China, Taiwan’s firms may hesitate to invest heavily in India.
    • Semiconductor cooperation offers mutual benefits in economic growth, technological advancement, and strategic realignment.

 

2a: How’s the development of an AI-technology innovation ecosystem linked to semiconductors?

    • This relationship between AI and Semiconductors is symbiotic.
    • Developing an AI-technology innovation ecosystem depends on robust, specialised chips for computation. On the other hand, advances in AI drive semiconductor innovation.
    • AI is revolutionising the semiconductor industry.
    • AI workloads like machine learning (ML), deep learning, and generative AI require enormous computational capacity, which is powered by advanced semiconductor technologies like Graphics Processing Units (GPUs).
    • Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) and custom chips (e.g., Google’s TPUs) are optimised for AI workloads, enhancing performance and efficiency.
    • Future AI applications would demand breakthroughs in semiconductor design (Neuromorphic & Quantum Chips), mimicking brain-like processing or leveraging quantum computing.
    • AI-enabled devices (smartphones, IoT, autonomous systems) require power-efficient chips for real-time AI inference.
    • A thriving AI ecosystem requires cutting-edge semiconductor technology, while AI drives semiconductor innovations.
    • Countries investing in AI are also focusing on semiconductor self-sufficiency.
    • To stay competitive, nations aiming to lead in AI must also invest in advanced semiconductor capabilities.

 

2b How’s Taiwan important for Indian AI?

    • Taiwan is Important for Indian AI development, and it can play a critical role in India’s AI ambitions due to its dominance in semiconductor manufacturing, expertise in AI hardware, and potential for technological collaboration.
    • Taiwan is home to TSMC, MediaTek, and other key players; India’s AI growth is closely linked to its semiconductor partnerships with Taiwan.
    • Taiwan’s MediaTek supplies AI-driven smartphone processors, the key to India’s mobile AI market.
    • Taiwan’s semiconductor firms could help India build chip fabrication and packaging infrastructure, supporting India’s AI industry.
    • Taiwan’s expertise in embedded AI, 5G chips, and smart sensors can enhance India’s AI-driven IoT industry.
    • Taiwan has top research institutions (e.g., Academia Sinica, ITRI) specialising in AI-chip co-development, with which India can collaborate.
    • India’s AI Software Strength – India excels in AI/ML software development, while Taiwan specialises in hardware. This complementary relationship can lead to co-innovation in AI applications.
    • Taiwan and India can expand cooperation in AI-powered automation, fintech, and healthcare solutions.
    • India relies on Taiwan for high-end GPUs and AI chips, which are essential for AI supercomputing and cloud AI services.
    • Taiwan is vital for India’s AI ecosystem due to its semiconductor leadership, AI hardware expertise, and potential investment in India’s chip industry.

 

2c  Is ‘AI bias’ one sphere in which India and Taiwan should collaborate? I think AI bias will be used in narrative warfare by China. So, it sounds logical that India will look towards Taiwan for it. That’s why this question.

    • Yes, AI bias is a critical area where India and Taiwan should collaborate, especially considering how China could leverage AI for narrative warfare, disinformation, and ideological control.
    • Given Taiwan’s experience in countering Chinese propaganda and cognitive warfare and India’s strength in AI software development, a partnership between the two could be mutually beneficial.
    • AI models learn from data, and if this data is manipulated, it can shape narratives in ways that serve geopolitical agendas. China has a history of AI-enabled information control.
    • Chinese AI firms develop models that filter, distort, or suppress certain narratives (e.g., Tiananmen Square and Uyghur issues).
    • AI-driven bot networks and deepfakes help China push state-controlled narratives globally.
    • AI-powered language models can spread biased historical or political perspectives on global platforms.
    • Given these threats, India and Taiwan must proactively develop AI systems that resist bias and manipulation to safeguard their information sovereignty.
    • India (with its AI research institutions like IITs, IIITs, and NITI Aayog) and Taiwan (via Academia Sinica, ITRI) can create joint frameworks for identifying and countering AI bias.
    • Instead of relying on U.S. or China-dominated AI models (GPT, ERNIE), India and Taiwan can work on regional AI models trained on neutral or diverse datasets.
    • Taiwan is already a leader in countering Chinese misinformation; India can integrate these capabilities into its AI-driven news verification systems.
    • India and Taiwan should limit dependency on Chinese AI tools, chips, and cloud services to avoid hidden biases and surveillance risks.
    • China can manipulate AI models. India and Taiwan must ensure independent, bias-resistant AI tools.
    • Both countries face Chinese psy-ops through TikTok clones, AI-driven chatbots, and misinformation on global platforms. Collaboration on AI-driven digital hygiene strategies is essential.
    • AI bias is not just a technical issue but a geopolitical weapon. Given China’s advancements in AI-enabled narrative control, India and Taiwan must collaborate to develop AI models that are transparent, unbiased, and resilient to manipulation.

 

3: Do you think Taiwan will determine the QUAD’s Indo-Pacific policy? Do you think Taiwan will be included in QUAD Plus?

    • Taiwan is strategically important for the Indo-Pacific.
    • Its inclusion in QUAD+ or any official QUAD policy is highly sensitive due to geopolitical constraints, primarily the One-China policy followed by QUAD members.
    • However, Taiwan is already a de facto part of the Indo-Pacific security architecture, and its role may increase informally without direct QUAD membership.
    • Taiwan plays a key role in significant aspects of the Indo-Pacific strategy.
    • India, Japan, and Australia have quietly increased economic, diplomatic, and military engagement with Taiwan.
    • The U.S. openly supports Taiwan’s defence and maintains strong military ties with Taiwan (e.g., arms sales, intelligence-sharing).
    • Joint statements focus on ‘peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait’, a veiled warning to China.
    • This suggests Taiwan is a silent but critical factor in QUAD’s Indo-Pacific strategy.
    • The idea of QUAD+ (expanded QUAD partnerships) includes countries like South Korea, Vietnam, the Philippines, and European allies. Taiwan’s inclusion is politically tricky but possible in indirect ways.
    • QUAD could integrate Taiwan into its semiconductor, AI, and cyber initiatives without direct military ties.
    • Taiwan is already working with the U.S. and Japan on cyber defence against China.
    • QUAD’s Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) could involve Taiwan in trade and investment deals.
    • Taiwan’s inclusion could provoke Chinese military aggression, making regional stability harder to maintain.
    • India’s stance on Taiwan is cautious but evolving, with no diplomatic recognition (it follows the One-China policy but doesn’t reaffirm it actively), expanding economic & tech ties, and a measured stance on security issues (India doesn’t directly engage on Taiwan’s defence but is watching U.S.-China tensions closely).
    • Taiwan will likely play a more significant role in QUAD’s Indo-Pacific policy, but formal membership in QUAD+ is unlikely in the near future due to China’s geopolitical sensitivities.

 

4. Do you think,  that Taiwanese TSMC’s $100 billion investment in the US has any lessons for India-Taiwan bilateral ties?

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company’s (TSMC) $100 billion investment in the U.S. offers several lessons for India-Taiwan bilateral ties, particularly in the semiconductor sector.

TSMC’s investment in the U.S. is not merely a business move but a strategic decision driven by geopolitical concerns, primarily supply chain resilience and U.S.-China tensions. Similarly, India must recognise the strategic value of deepening semiconductor cooperation with Taiwan, not just as an economic initiative but as a crucial aspect of national security and self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat).

Taiwan seeks to diversify its semiconductor production due to concerns about a potential Chinese invasion. The U.S. has emerged as one alternative, and India could position itself as another. New Delhi can present itself as a stable and growing economy with skilled labour and a commitment to semiconductor self-sufficiency.

The U.S. successfully attracted TSMC by offering massive incentives under the CHIPS Act, including subsidies, tax breaks, and infrastructure support. Under its Semiconductor Mission, India is offering similar incentives, but the challenge is ensuring a competitive ecosystem, covering land acquisition, power supply, and water availability (all crucial for fabs). If India wants Taiwanese firms like TSMC or UMC to invest, it must streamline regulatory processes and enhance the ease of doing business.

 

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