Air Marshal's Perspective – Page 8 – CANDID AND TO THE POINT / काम की बात

November 30, 2024November 29, 2024

543: RUSSIAN USE OF THE ORESHNIK MISSILE AND ITS STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS

Sputnik News, a Russian news agency and radio broadcast service, sought inputs on the Analakshya Project.

Article on the subject:-

RUSSIAN USE OF THE ORESHNIK MISSILE AND ITS STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS

The development and deployment of the Oreshnik missile, a hypersonic, intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) by Russia, marks a significant shift in global military power dynamics. First publicly revealed in November 2024 during a strike on Ukraine, the Oreshnik has been described as a highly advanced missile capable of carrying both conventional and nuclear warheads with hypersonic speeds exceeding Mach 10. The missile’s introduction highlights Russia’s continued push towards leveraging next-generation military technology to assert its influence, challenge adversaries, and fortify its strategic deterrence capabilities

Oreshnik Missile

Hypersonic Speed and Manoeuvrability. The Oreshnik missile stands out for its hypersonic velocity, with reports indicating speeds of around 2.5 to 3 kilometers per second (Mach 10). This speed renders it nearly immune to current air defence systems, as interception at such velocities requires cutting-edge detection and response technologies. Hypersonic missiles like Oreshnik can also perform mid-flight manoeuvres, making their trajectory unpredictable and further complicating interception efforts.

Multiple Independently Targetable Reentry Vehicles (MIRVs). Oreshnik reportedly carries multiple independently targetable warheads (MIRVs), with estimates ranging from three to six warheads per missile. These MIRVs can be programmed to strike different targets simultaneously or overwhelm defence systems through sheer volume. The MIRV capability enhances the missile’s destructive potential, especially in scenarios where multiple high-value targets are prioritized.

Intermediate Range and Versatility. The missile’s range is believed to fall between 3,000 and 5,000 kilometers, making it an intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM). This range covers a significant portion of Europe and parts of Asia, but falls short of reaching the United States. However, this strategic range allows Russia to maintain a strong regional deterrence posture, capable of targeting European NATO members and other adversaries within proximity.

Operational Deployment and Combat Testing. Russia’s first known operational use of the Oreshnik missile occurred in November 2024, when it was deployed against the Ukrainian city of Dnipro. According to reports, this strike served as a combat test for the missile in a non-nuclear configuration. Russian President Vladimir Putin claimed that the test was successful, with the missile reaching its intended target without interception. The deployment was designed to demonstrate Russia’s capability to strike with precision and lethality, even in high-pressure combat environments. This deployment signals a shift in Russian military doctrine, emphasising the operational use of hypersonic weapons for both deterrence and offensive purposes. By using Oreshnik in combat, Russia showcased its ability to field advanced missile systems under real-world conditions, sending a clear message to both adversaries and allies regarding its military prowess.

Strategic Implications

Strengthening Regional Deterrence. The Oreshnik missile significantly enhances Russia’s ability to deter regional adversaries. Its intermediate range allows Russia to project power across Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Central Asia, creating a buffer zone of influence where neighbouring countries must consider the risk of hypersonic strikes. This capability provides Russia with a powerful bargaining chip in diplomatic negotiations, particularly in contexts involving NATO expansion, territorial disputes, and geopolitical tensions.

Challenging NATO’s Defence Systems. NATO’s current air defence systems are primarily designed to intercept traditional ballistic and cruise missiles. The deployment of Oreshnik, with its hypersonic speed and manoeuvrability, presents a significant challenge to these systems. NATO countries may be forced to accelerate the development of hypersonic defence systems or pursue alternative deterrent measures, increasing military expenditures and deepening the arms race between Russia and Western powers.

Arms Control Frameworks. The introduction of Oreshnik further undermines the already fragile state of global arms control agreements. In 2019, both Russia and the United States withdrew from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, which previously prohibited the development of missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers. The Oreshnik missile, with its intermediate range and potential nuclear capability, exacerbates concerns over the proliferation of such systems and the absence of regulatory frameworks to mitigate their deployment.

Global Reactions and Countermeasures

United States and NATO. In response to the growing hypersonic threat, the United States and NATO have intensified efforts to develop next-generation missile defence systems. Programs focusing on space-based sensors, directed-energy weapons, and hypersonic interceptors are being accelerated to counteract Russia’s advancements. Additionally, NATO may consider deploying more conventional deterrents, such as forward-deployed forces and ballistic missile defence systems in Eastern Europe.

China’s Perspective. China, a close military partner of Russia, may view the Oreshnik missile as an opportunity for technological collaboration. Given its own hypersonic weapon developments, China could seek to integrate lessons from Oreshnik’s deployment into its missile programs. Alternatively, the missile’s success might prompt China to accelerate its efforts to match or surpass Russian capabilities, potentially increasing regional tensions in Asia.

India’s Strategic Calculations. For India, the development of the Oreshnik missile poses both a strategic challenge and an opportunity. India’s focus on developing its own hypersonic weapons, such as the Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV), aligns with the need to counter future threats from China. Furthermore, India may consider enhancing its missile defence systems and investing in early-warning systems capable of detecting hypersonic threats.

Broader Implications for Global Stability

Escalation of the Hypersonic Arms Race. The successful deployment of Oreshnik signals the start of a new era in missile technology, prompting other nations to accelerate their hypersonic weapons programs. This arms race could destabilize existing power balances, increasing the likelihood of miscalculations and accidental escalations during geopolitical conflicts.

Shift in Military Doctrine. The introduction of hypersonic missiles like Oreshnik is reshaping military doctrines worldwide. Traditional reliance on nuclear deterrence is now supplemented by hypersonic weapons, capable of delivering swift and precise strikes without the political fallout associated with nuclear weapons. This shift is likely to result in the development of new tactical doctrines.

Conclusion. The Oreshnik missile represents a bold leap in Russia’s military capabilities, reflecting the country’s commitment to leveraging advanced technologies for strategic dominance. Its deployment in Ukraine served as a clear demonstration of Russia’s readiness to use hypersonic missiles in both conventional and nuclear contexts, reshaping the global security landscape. As nations around the world grapple with the implications of this new weapon, the Oreshnik missile underscores the urgent need for renewed international dialogue on arms control and missile defence. Without such measures, the risk of a hypersonic arms race escalating into broader conflict remains a profound concern for global stability.

Inputs:-

(The views expressed are of the Individual, not IAF or GOI).

- The missile’s ability to carry multiple homing warheads and reach extreme temperatures of 4,000°C presents a significant threat to conventional missile defence systems.
- India’s military establishment would likely view Russia’s Oreshnik missile with a strategic interest.
- India may closely study the technology behind Oreshnik’s hypersonic speed, multi-warhead capabilities, and extreme heat resistance.
- India might assess this development in terms of its missile defence upgrades and hypersonic capabilities development programs.
- This could drive India to accelerate its hypersonic programs, such as the HSTDV (Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle), and enhance its missile defence systems.
- This could influence India’s strategic partnerships and technology acquisition efforts, particularly bolstering its Ballistic Missile Defence and hypersonic deterrence programs.
- India would be careful about directly acquiring the Oreshnik missile due to its commitment to Indigenous defence development under Atmanirbhar Bharat.
- India may seek technology partnerships with friendly nations to develop home-grown versions of similar advanced missile systems while maintaining strategic independence.

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References and credits

To all the online sites and channels.

References:-

BelTA News. (2024). Oreshnik: A Precision Weapon Comparable to Nuclear Strike Capability.

Asia Times. (2024). Russian Oreshnik Missile: A Warning to NATO, US, and Ukraine.

Komsomolskaya Pravda via BelTA. (2024). Military Expert Commentary on the Oreshnik Missile’s Impact in Ukraine.

Global Security Review. (2024). Hypersonic Missiles and Modern Warfare: The Russian Edge.

Military Balance Report (2024). International Institute for Strategic Studies.

Disclaimer:

Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.

November 29, 2024

542: UNVEILING ANĀLAKṢHYA: CLOAKING TECHNOLOGY

Sputnik News, a Russian news agency and radio broadcast service, sought inputs on the Analakshya Project.

Article on the subject:-

UNVEILING ANĀLAKṢHYA: CLOAKING TECHNOLOGY

IIT Kanpur recently unveiled the Anālakṣhya Project, a ground-breaking initiative to advance metamaterial surface cloaking technology. The project, led by IIT Kanpur’s researchers, promises to enhance the strategic capabilities of the Indian defence sector by incorporating advanced technology that can protect vital equipment from detection by radar or other surveillance methods. This innovative project aims to revolutionise defence applications by developing cloaking systems that render objects invisible or significantly reduce their detectability. The Anālakṣhya Project utilises metamaterials—engineered materials with properties not found in naturally occurring substances—to manipulate electromagnetic waves, thus providing new ways to conceal military assets. The Anālakṣhya Project by IIT Kanpur represents a transformative step in India’s defence innovation and positions India at the forefront of next-generation defence systems.

Metamaterial Surface Cloaking System (MSCS). The backbone of the Anālakṣhya project is its metamaterials, engineered to manipulate electromagnetic waves, particularly radar signals. A Metamaterial Surface Cloaking System (MSCS) is a technology that uses metamaterials to effectively “cloak” or hide objects by manipulating light or other electromagnetic waves around them. Metamaterials are artificial materials engineered to have properties not found in naturally occurring materials. These properties often include the ability to control the propagation of electromagnetic waves, such as light, in ways that traditional materials cannot. Traditional radars work by emitting radio waves that reflect off objects; however, metamaterials absorb or deflect these waves, significantly reducing the object’s radar cross-section (RCS). This technology is crucial in making fighter jets, naval ships, drones, and military installations undetectable to radar-guided systems, enhancing their survivability in conflict zones.

Key features. The system absorbs radar waves and effectively minimises radar reflections, reducing detection probability. It features adaptive cloaking by dynamically adjusting to different radar frequencies, ensuring comprehensive stealth. Its lightweight and scalable design integrates various platforms, from drones to large platforms (Land, sea and air).

Implications for India’s Defence Capabilities. Enhanced Stealth Operations: The Anālakṣhya technology will enhance stealth operations by enabling the covert deployment of high-value military assets. Fighter jets equipped with this system could conduct missions deep into enemy territory without detection, providing a significant tactical edge. Often exposed in open waters, naval ships benefit from reduced detectability, strengthening India’s maritime defence. The ability to operate undetected will give a boost to asymmetric warfare capabilities. It will enhance the missile defence by countering radar-guided threats. The stealth technology would allow surprise manoeuvres, enhancing operational unpredictability, a critical advantage in modern warfare. Fighter aircraft and naval vessels equipped with Anālakṣhya could operate deeper into contested regions without early detection. Integrating Anālakṣhya into multiple platforms will be a force multiplier, allowing fewer assets to achieve a more significant impact. This is particularly beneficial for missions involving long-range reconnaissance, intelligence gathering, and targeted strikes.

Anālakṣhya and India’s Defence Standing. Anālakṣhya is a testament to India’s growing emphasis on self-reliance in defence technologies (Atmanirbhar Bharat). India would reduce import dependence by developing Indigenous stealth solutions and strengthening its domestic defence industry. The successful deployment of this technology would open avenues for India to emerge as an exporter of stealth technologies. Countries seeking advanced, cost-effective, radar-evasive solutions may consider India a viable partner. India’s cutting-edge technology development would enhance its geopolitical influence, making it an attractive partner for defence collaborations.

Challenges and Future Prospects. Adapting Anālakṣhya to various military platforms, from fighter jets to maritime and land-based platforms, requires overcoming engineering and logistical challenges. Ensuring seamless integration while maintaining operational efficiency will be a crucial focus. Along with stealth technologies, counter-radar detection systems would also evolve. Continuous research and development will be essential to stay ahead of emerging threats. The future of Anālakṣhya lies in its synergy with AI-driven systems, allowing real-time adjustments to stealth parameters based on changing battlefield conditions. This integration will make India’s military platforms more adaptive and autonomous.

Conclusion. The Anālakṣhya Project represents a landmark achievement for India, showcasing the country’s capability to develop state-of-the-art defence technologies. By enhancing stealth capabilities and reducing the vulnerability of critical assets, Anālakṣhya fortifies India’s national security and elevates its standing in the global defence arena. As the technology matures, it will serve as a cornerstone for India’s future military strategies, reinforcing its role as a defence innovator and strategic power in the evolving global landscape.

Inputs:-

(The views expressed are of the Individual, not IAF or GOI).

- The Anālakṣhya project, developed by IIT Kanpur, strengthens India’s defence against radar-guided missile threats by employing a Met material Surface Cloaking System (MSCS).

- This advanced technology uses engineered materials to absorb and deflect radar waves, making military assets such as drones, aircraft, and missiles nearly undetectable.

- By reducing radar cross-sections, Anālakṣhya enhances stealth capabilities, which is crucial for evading radar-based targeting and improving survivability in hostile environments.

- This innovation offers India a strategic advantage in modern warfare scenarios involving electronic and radar-guided threats.

- The deployment of Anālakṣhya will significantly enhance India’s defence capabilities by providing stealth protection for high-value assets like fighter jets, naval ships, and military installations.
- This cloaking technology will make these assets nearly invisible to enemy radar systems, reducing the effectiveness of radar-guided missiles and improving survivability in conflict zones.

- In military tactics and operational planning, Anālakṣhya will allow for the covert deployment of assets, surprise manoeuvres, and more resilient defensive postures.

- It will also support asymmetric warfare by making Indian forces less detectable, thus enhancing strategic deterrence and operational flexibility.

- The Anālakṣhya project positions India as a key innovator in the global defence landscape by advancing stealth and radar-evasive technologies.

- Its deployment signals India’s shift towards next-generation military capabilities, aligning with global leaders in defence innovation like the U.S., China, and Russia.

- This enhances India’s strategic deterrence, boosts its Indigenous defence manufacturing capacity, and strengthens its standing in defence exports and partnerships.

- Moreover, Anālakṣhya’s integration with AI and autonomous systems highlights India’s growing role in cutting-edge military research and self-reliance in defence technologies (Atmanirbhar Bharat).

Your valuable comments are most welcome.

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References and credits

To all the online sites and channels.

References:-

IIT Kanpur Official Website. Anālakṣhya Project Announcement. IIT Kanpur Press Release.

“IIT Kanpur Develops Metamaterial-Based Cloaking Technology”. The Economic Times.

“IIT Kanpur’s Anālakṣhya: The Next Frontier in Defense Cloaking Technology”. India Today.

“The Science of Cloaking: How Metamaterials Are Changing the Future of Defense”. Science Daily.

“Defense Innovation: Metamaterials and Cloaking”. Ministry of Defense, India.

The Future of Metamaterials: Cloaking and Beyond. (2024). IEEE Spectrum.

Shalaev, V. M. (2007). Optical Negative Refraction: From Metamaterials to Metadevices. Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics, 9(4), S8.

Zhang, S., & Zhang, L. (2014). Metamaterials for Cloaking and Beyond. Springer.

Hussein, H. H., & El-Sayed, M. A. (2021). Recent Advances in Metamaterial-Based Cloaking Technology. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 35(10), 1251–1272.

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November 28, 2024November 28, 2024

541: COLD WAR REDUX: TRAITS AND DRIVERS OF COLD WAR 2.0

My Article published on the Indus International Research Foundation website on 27 Nov 24.

“Cold War 2.0” describes the re-emergence of intense geopolitical competition between major powers, mainly the U.S. and China, and Russia’s increasingly assertive foreign policy. This framework parallels the original Cold War, which saw the United States and the Soviet Union locked in ideological and strategic rivalry. However, the current scenario has distinctive traits shaped by global interconnectedness, economic interdependence, and digital warfare.

Economic Interdependence and Competition. Unlike the U.S.-Soviet rivalry, the current era is marked by deep financial ties between rival states. For instance, the U.S. and China have significant trade and investment links, creating a complex relationship between competitors and economic partners. This has led to policies like “decoupling” and “friend-shoring,” where nations look to limit economic dependencies with strategic rivals, especially in critical sectors like technology and energy.

Tech and Cyber Dominance. The competition now prominently features digital spaces and technological development. China’s rise in artificial intelligence, 5G networks, and quantum computing has led the U.S. and its allies to push for greater control over digital infrastructure and intellectual property. Cyber security is another battlefield, with accusations of hacking and surveillance shaping security policies and alliances.

Military Posturing and Arms Races. The military build-up is also central to Cold War 2.0. While nuclear capabilities remain crucial, the focus has expanded to space warfare, hypersonic missiles, and advanced drone technology. For example, the U.S. Indo-Pacific Strategy counters China’s growing military influence in Asia. At the same time, Russia’s recent actions in Ukraine have led NATO to strengthen its military presence on Europe’s eastern flank.

Ideological Clashes. While less ideological than the original Cold War, there is a growing divergence between the democratic and authoritarian governance models, particularly as China promotes its model as an alternative to Western liberalism. This has led to ideological contestation in digital governance, human rights, and trade rules, with each power attempting to influence international norms and institutions to reflect its values.

Strategic Alliances and Blocs. The current rivalry sees the emergence of new alliances and a revival of older ones, such as NATO and the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) among the U.S., Japan, India, and Australia, which aims to counterbalance China’s influence in the Indo-Pacific. Similarly, China and Russia are strengthening their ties, often working together in the United Nations and other forums to counter Western initiatives.

Resource Control and Economic Leverage. Access to resources such as rare earth metals, energy, and food is another area of strategic competition. China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which funds infrastructure projects across Asia, Africa, and Latin America, is seen as expanding its influence by creating economic dependencies. The U.S. counters with its initiatives, such as the Build Back Better World (B3W) program, which offers alternatives for development financing.

Impacts on Global Relations. The emergence of Cold War 2.0 has led to shifting alliances, with some nations choosing sides and others attempting a non-aligned approach to maintain autonomy. Middle powers like India, Brazil, and South Africa find themselves balancing between the two giants, shaping new multilateral dynamics. Meanwhile, the increased emphasis on national security in trade and technology policies is reshaping globalisation, potentially leading to more isolated economic blocs.

Comparison of Drivers of the Earlier and Current Cold War

The drivers of the original Cold War (1947–1991) between the U.S. and the Soviet Union differ from those of today’s “Cold War 2.0,” primarily between the U.S. and China, with Russia playing a significant but secondary role. These geopolitical, ideological, and technological rivalries reveal continuities and marked differences.

Sl No

Drivers

Differences

Ideological Rivalry

Earlier Cold War: The U.S. and the Soviet Union were divided by sharply contrasting ideologies: capitalism and democracy versus communism and authoritarianism. Each superpower sought to promote its ideology globally, often through proxy wars, propaganda, and cultural influence campaigns.

Current Cold War: Although there’s still an ideological component, the divide is less rigid. The U.S. advocates liberal democracy, while China’s governance model blends authoritarianism and state-led capitalism. Rather than openly promoting its ideology as a direct alternative, China emphasises economic development and “pragmatic” governance as models for stability and growth. There’s less overt ideological export and more influence through economic interdependence and development projects like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).

Geopolitical Power Struggles

Earlier Cold War: The rivalry largely revolved around Europe, with proxy conflicts extending to Asia, Latin America, and Africa. The focus was to prevent either side from gaining influence in these regions, as seen through U.S. and Soviet interventions in Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan, and other hotspots.

Current Cold War: The U.S. and China focus on the Indo-Pacific region as the primary sphere of influence, with attention to Southeast Asia, Taiwan, and the South China Sea. The U.S. is strengthening alliances with Japan, Australia, India (QUAD), and other Indo-Pacific partners, while China is extending its influence through its BRI and increasing its military presence in disputed territories. Russia, meanwhile, has focused on asserting control in Eastern Europe, as seen in the Ukraine conflict, though this rivalry is more geographically constrained.

Economic Rivalry and Interdependence

Earlier Cold War: The U.S. and Soviet Union had limited economic interactions, creating two largely independent blocs. Economic influence was exerted through aid programs (like the U.S. Marshall Plan) and political-economic treaties with allied countries. Global trade and economies were less intertwined, allowing for distinct capitalist and socialist economic systems.

Current Cold War: Economic interdependence is a defining factor. China and the U.S. are each other’s largest trading partners, and both economies are deeply embedded in global supply chains. Despite economic competition, each depends heavily on the other. This dynamic has led to “selective decoupling,” where each side aims to reduce dependence on critical technologies and resources without severing all economic ties. This is especially prominent in sectors like semiconductors, 5G, and renewable energy technologies.

Technology and Cyber Warfare

Earlier Cold War: The technological competition focused on space, nuclear capabilities, and conventional military technology. The “Space Race” and “Arms Race” were significant components, with the Apollo moon landing and arms treaties like SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) symbolising the intense scientific and military rivalry.

Current Cold War: The focus has shifted to advanced technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), quantum computing, and cyber security. Cyber warfare has become a core area of conflict, with cyber-attacks, espionage, and influence operations playing significant roles. There’s competition for dominance in 5G networks and critical infrastructure control, with concerns about digital sovereignty, surveillance, and influence operations on social media. This “Tech Race” lacks the clear-cut technological “wins” of the Space Race, but it’s arguably more pervasive and impactful on civilian and governmental life worldwide.

Military Strategies and Posturing

Earlier Cold War: The focus was on nuclear arms buildup and deterrence through Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), with proxy wars to avoid direct confrontation. NATO and the Warsaw Pact were established, and military posturing often involved nuclear tests, displays of military hardware, and highly symbolic confrontations (e.g., the Cuban Missile Crisis).

Current Cold War: While nuclear deterrence remains, military competition now involves a broader range of strategies, including space militarisation, hypersonic missile development, and significant advancements in drone and cyber warfare. China is focused on expanding its naval capabilities and power projection in the South China Sea, while the U.S. strengthens its presence in the Indo-Pacific. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has led to a renewed focus on NATO’s defensive posture in Europe.

Alliances and Proxy Conflicts

Earlier Cold War: Alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact formalised the division of East and West. Many proxy conflicts emerged, particularly in developing regions, where both superpowers supported opposing sides to prevent ideological shifts. Examples include the Korean and Vietnam Wars and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

Current Cold War: Alliances are less rigid, and there’s an emphasis on “flexible” partnerships. The U.S. builds security frameworks like the Quad and AUKUS (Australia, the U.K., and the U.S.) while strengthening alliances like NATO. China, meanwhile, does not engage in formal military alliances but leverages economic influence through the BRI and diplomatic coalitions like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Russia uses its influence in post-Soviet states and controls Eastern Europe and the Middle East.

Propaganda and Influence Operations

Earlier Cold War: The U.S. and Soviet Union engaged in direct propaganda campaigns, including Radio Free Europe, cultural exchanges, and global information wars to win hearts and minds.

Current Cold War: Information warfare is more complex and digital. Social media platforms have become battlegrounds for influence, with disinformation campaigns, election interference, and social polarisation strategies targeting rivals. China and Russia conduct sophisticated operations, leveraging global media channels, online platforms, and soft power to shape narratives. The U.S., in turn, supports global media initiatives that promote democratic governance and transparency.

Cold War 2.0 has introduced new complexities into international relations, where intertwined economies, advanced technology, and a globalised world order shape competition. The drivers of today’s “Cold War 2.0” reflect a multi-dimensional competition that diverges from the earlier Cold War in its deep economic interdependence, technology-centric rivalry, and more fluid alliances. The ideological divide is softer but still significant, with the U.S., China, and Russia vying for global influence. This rivalry unfolds in a digitally connected world where technology and information warfare play unprecedented roles, resulting in a complex geopolitical landscape with intensified tensions and interdependencies. Unlike the bipolar world of the original Cold War, today’s scenario is multipolar, involving several influential states that resist being drawn entirely into either camp. The result is a fluid, high-stakes environment that demands careful diplomacy and strategic restraint.

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References and credits

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References:

George Takach. “Cold War 2.0: The Battle Between Democracies and Autocracies.” The Diplomat, June 2024.

Ferguson, Niall. “The Rise of Cold War II.” Milken Institute Global Conference, May 2022.

Mayer, Maximilian, and Kavalski, Emilian. “Cold War 2.0 and European Security.” Intereconomics Journal, July 2022.

Traub, James. “A New Non-Aligned Movement in a Divided World.” Foreign Policy, July 2022.

Bishara Marwan. “And so, Cold War II begins”, Al Jazeera, 24 February 2022.

Westad Odd Arne “Has a New Cold War Really Begun?”, Foreign Affair, 09 February 2019.

Smith Nicholas Ross, “A New Cold War: Assessing the Current US-Russia Relationship”, Wayback Machine. Springer, 23 March 2021.

Woodward Jude, “The US Vs China: Asia’s New Cold War? Manchester University Press, 2017.

Zhao Minghao, “Is a New Cold War Inevitable? Chinese Perspectives on US-China Strategic Competition”. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 2019.

Willy Wo-Lap Lam, “The New Cold War that Threatens to Turn Hot”, The Jamestown Foundation 2023.

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