Category: Pakistan

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598: FROM ALLY TO ADVERSARY: US SANCTIONS HIGHLIGHT PAKISTAN MISSILE THREAT

 

On December 19, 2024, U.S. Deputy National Security Adviser Jon Finer described Pakistan’s missile developments as an “emerging threat,” noting the increasing sophistication of its missile technology and the potential to reach targets beyond South Asia, including the United States. In response, the U.S. has imposed new sanctions on Pakistan’s ballistic missile development, including on the state-run defence agency overseeing the program.  This recent imposition of sanctions by the United States on Pakistan’s missile program has raised significant concerns about the trajectory of their bilateral relationship. Once regarded as a strategic ally in the Cold War and the War on Terror, Pakistan now finds itself under renewed scrutiny as Washington seeks to address emerging security threats. These developments not only highlight the growing apprehension in the U.S. about Pakistan’s missile capabilities but also reflect broader geopolitical shifts and challenges in maintaining regional stability.

 

The Rise and Fall of a Partnership. The U.S.-Pakistan relationship has seen dramatic shifts over the decades. During the Cold War, Pakistan emerged as a critical ally for the United States in its containment strategy against the Soviet Union. The alliance shaped regional geopolitics, from military aid to intelligence sharing. One key event was Pakistan’s facilitating the U.S.-China rapprochement in the 1970s. Islamabad’s diplomatic efforts, particularly under leaders like Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, earned it significant goodwill from Washington. Following the events of September 11, 2001, Pakistan became a “frontline state” in the U.S.-led War on Terror. Billions of dollars in military and economic aid flowed to Islamabad as it supported American operations in Afghanistan. However, the relationship began to sour due to allegations of double-dealing. U.S. officials accused Pakistan of harbouring militant groups like the Haqqani network, which targeted American forces in Afghanistan.

 

Missile Development in Pakistan: A Strategic Imperative. Pakistan’s missile program’s evolution reflects Pakistan’s desire to maintain strategic parity with India while deterring external threats. The program began in earnest during the 1980s, driven by its strategic rivalry with India. The need for a credible deterrent grew more acute following India’s advancements in ballistic missile technology and its nuclear tests in 1974. Early development relied heavily on foreign assistance, with China and North Korea playing significant roles. The Hatf missile series, for example, showcased the fusion of indigenous efforts and imported technology. Over the decades, Pakistan’s missile arsenal expanded to include short-range, medium-range, and cruise missiles capable of delivering both conventional and nuclear payloads. Key missile developments include:-

 

    • Ghauri Missile. A medium-range ballistic missile developed with North Korean assistance.
    • Shaheen Series. A family of solid-fueled missiles with improved accuracy and range.
    • Babur Cruise Missile. A subsonic cruise missile with advanced targeting capabilities.

 

Recent Advancements in Pakistan’s Missile Program. Pakistan has made significant strides in its missile program, enhancing its strategic capabilities by developing Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicles (MIRVs) and exploring hypersonic technologies.

 

    • MIRV. A notable advancement is the development of the Ababeel missile, designed to carry MIRVs. The Ababeel is a medium-range ballistic missile with a reported range of approximately 2,200 kilometers, capable of delivering multiple warheads to different targets independently. This capability enhances Pakistan’s deterrence by enabling it to penetrate advanced missile defence systems. The first publicly announced test of the Ababeel was conducted on January 24, 2017, with subsequent tests, including one on October 18, 2023, confirming its MIRV capabilities.

 

    • Hypersonic Technologies. While Pakistan does not currently have an indigenous hypersonic weapons program, there have been developments suggesting interest in this area. The Pakistan Air Force has indicated the development of a hypersonic-capable missile as part of a broader modernisation effort to counter evolving threats. A video released by the Pakistan Air Force featured the CM-400AKG anti-ship missile, a Chinese-manufactured missile that allegedly travels at hypersonic speeds.

 

Strategic Implications and Proliferation Risks. These recent advancements have raised concerns internationally.  U.S. officials fear these capabilities could destabilise the region and enable Pakistan to project power beyond South Asia. The U.S. has long been wary of Pakistan’s role in global proliferation networks. The infamous A.Q. Khan network, which supplied nuclear technology to countries like Iran, Libya, and North Korea, underscored the risks of unchecked development. One of Washington’s primary concerns is the intensifying arms race between India and Pakistan. Both countries have developed increasingly sophisticated missile systems, raising the risk of miscalculation and escalation.

 

Involvement of Pakistani Firms. The United States imposed sanctions on four Pakistani firms for their involvement in aiding Pakistan’s ballistic missile program, which is closely linked to its nuclear program. The sanctioned entities were found to be involved in the transfer of critical technologies and materials used in the development of ballistic missile systems. These technologies included components necessary for guidance systems, propulsion, and control mechanisms, which are vital for both missile and nuclear weapons development. The transfer of these technologies represents a significant concern for the U.S., as they could potentially enhance Pakistan’s ability to develop more advanced nuclear delivery systems. Some of these Pakistani firms were collaborating with foreign entities and institutions that are under U.S. and international sanctions. This collaboration allowed the transfer of sensitive technologies and expertise, which accelerated the development of Pakistan’s missile capabilities. These firms were directly involved in the design, development, and testing of ballistic missile systems. The U.S. identified these entities as providing essential support, including material assistance and technical expertise, which allowed Pakistan to improve its missile technology. This development raised concerns about the potential for these missile systems to be used in a nuclear context, thereby complicating global security dynamics.

 

Sanctions. These sanctions are aimed at curbing the spread of missile technology and preventing the enhancement of Pakistan’s military capabilities that could pose risks to regional stability and U.S. security interests. The latest sanctions specifically target entities involved in Pakistan’s missile development. These include National Development Complex (NDC), a state-owned organisation central to missile research and production, and Karachi-based Companies (Akhtar and Sons Private Limited, Affiliates International, and Rockside Enterprise), accused of supplying critical components and technology. The sanctions include freezing U.S.-based assets of the targeted entities, prohibiting American businesses and individuals from conducting transactions with them, and restricting access to international financial systems. These sanctions aim to disrupt Pakistan’s ability to acquire advanced technology and materials critical for its missile program.

 

Pakistan’s Response. Islamabad has strongly condemned the sanctions, describing them as “discriminatory” and counterproductive. The Pakistani Foreign Ministry issued a statement arguing that the sanctions undermine regional peace and stability. Pakistan claims that its missile program is purely defensive and aimed at maintaining strategic balance, and the U.S. is applying double standards, as similar concerns are not being raised about India’s missile developments. Within Pakistan, the sanctions have sparked a wave of nationalist rhetoric. Political leaders and media outlets have framed the U.S. actions as an affront to Pakistan’s sovereignty, bolstering anti-American sentiment.

 

Broader Implications and Realignments. The U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021 marked a turning point in U.S.-Pakistan relations. Washington’s diminished reliance on Islamabad for logistical support in the region has led to a reassessment of the partnership. As U.S.-Pakistan relations cool, Islamabad has sought closer ties with China and Russia. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and growing military cooperation with Beijing underline this shift. At the same time, Pakistan’s increasing engagement with Moscow signals a diversification of its strategic alliances. The sanctions could exacerbate tensions in South Asia. With Pakistan feeling cornered, there is a risk of accelerated arms development or even closer alignment with adversaries of the U.S., such as China.

 

The U.S. sanctions on Pakistan’s missile program mark a significant moment in their bilateral relationship. While Washington’s concerns about proliferation and regional stability are valid, the move risks further alienating Islamabad at a time when global alliances are shifting. For Pakistan, the sanctions underscore the possibility of diversification of partnerships. For the U.S., they reflect the delicate balancing act of addressing security threats while maintaining influence in a critical region. As the two nations navigate these challenges, the question remains: Can they find common ground, or will their paths continue to diverge?

 

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References and credits

To all the online sites and channels.

References:-

  1. Landay, Jonathan S. “U.S. Imposes Sanctions on Pakistani Firms over Missile Proliferation.” Reuters, December 14, 2024.
  1. Haider, Kamran. “Pakistan Criticizes U.S. Sanctions, Calls Them Unjustified.” Dawn, December 15, 2024.
  1. Burns, John F. “Pakistan’s New Missiles Worry U.S. and India.” The New York Times, October 20, 2024.
  1. Tellis, Ashley J. “The Evolution of US-Pakistan Relations: Prospects for the Future.” The Washington Quarterly 34, no. 4 (2011): 109–123.
  1. U.S. Department of Defense. Military and Security Developments Involving the Islamic Republic of Pakistan 2023. Washington, DC: Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2023.
  1. Federation of American Scientists (FAS). Pakistan Missile Program Overview. Washington, DC: FAS, 2022.
  1. Arms Control Association. “Pakistan’s Missile Capabilities.” December 2024. https://www.armscontrol.org
  1. Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI). “Pakistan’s Nuclear and Missile Programs: A Profile.” Updated October 2024. https://www.nti.org
  1. Kampani, Gaurav. “Pakistan’s Evolving Missile Strategy: Implications for Deterrence and Security.” South Asian Strategic Review 18, no. 2 (2023): 22–34.
  1. Tariq, Mohammad. “US-Pakistan Relations: From Strategic Alliance to Mutual Distrust.” Pakistan Horizon 71, no. 3 (2024): 15–37.

 

Disclaimer:

Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.

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586: COMBAT DRONES: GLOBAL OVERVIEW

 

Pic Courtesy Net

 

Combat drones, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), have revolutionised modern warfare by providing advanced capabilities for surveillance, intelligence gathering, and precision strikes. These drones are utilised by militaries worldwide, ranging from the United States MQ-9 Reaper to China’s CH-4 and Russia’s Forpost. Their ability to operate in hostile environments without risking human lives has made them invaluable in counterterrorism, border patrol, and intelligence operations. Drones are equipped with advanced sensors, cameras, and weapons systems, enabling real-time data transmission and the ability to carry out airstrikes accurately. The global proliferation of combat drones has led to their adoption by a growing number of nations, each leveraging them for strategic advantages in conventional and asymmetric conflicts. As their technology evolves, drones become more autonomous, with artificial intelligence and machine learning improving operational efficiency. However, the widespread use of combat drones raises ethical concerns, particularly regarding civilian casualties, accountability, and the potential for misuse in geopolitical conflicts. The future of combat drones will likely see further advancements in stealth, range, and lethality, making them an integral part of military strategies worldwide and sparking ongoing debates about their regulation and impact on international law.

 

USA

 

MQ-9 Reaper. The MQ-9 Reaper, a long-endurance, high-altitude UAV, stands out in the U.S. Air Force’s arsenal. Its ability to carry precision-guided munitions such as Hellfire missiles and GBU-12 bombs makes it a formidable force in strike missions. The Reaper’s extensive use in counterterrorism operations and ISR roles, an impressive range of over 1,800 km, and flight endurance of 27 hours solidify its position as a key asset in modern warfare.

 

RQ-170 Sentinel. The RQ-170 Sentinel is a stealth reconnaissance UAV used by the U.S. Air Force. Its flying-wing design is optimised for stealth and high-altitude operations. The Sentinel is known for its involvement in high-profile missions, including surveillance operations over Iran and Pakistan.

 

MQ-1C Gray Eagle. The MQ-1C Gray Eagle is an upgraded variant of the Predator drone used by the U.S. Army. It provides extended endurance, advanced ISR capabilities, and the ability to deploy Hellfire missiles and precision bombs. With an endurance of 25 hours and real-time data relay, the Gray Eagle plays a vital role in counterinsurgency and tactical battlefield support.

 

XQ-58A Valkyrie. The XQ-58A Valkyrie is a low-cost, stealthy unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) designed to operate alongside manned fighter jets in a “loyal wingman” role. Developed by Kratos for the U.S. Air Force, offers autonomous operations, long-range capabilities, and potential for strike missions with minimal radar detectability.

 

RQ-4 Global Hawk. The RQ-4 Global Hawk is a high-altitude, long-endurance surveillance drone used primarily for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions. Operated by the U.S. Air Force and NATO, it provides real-time battlefield awareness. Some variants, such as the MQ-4C Triton, feature limited weapon-carrying capabilities for defensive purposes.

 

MQ-25 Stingray. The MQ-25 Stingray is a carrier-based drone designed to provide aerial refuelling for U.S. Navy aircraft, extending their range and operational endurance. Built by Boeing, it also has secondary intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities, with potential for future combat roles such as electronic warfare or precision strikes.

 

RQ-180.  The RQ-180 is a secretive, high-altitude stealth reconnaissance drone believed to provide deep-penetration ISR capabilities in contested airspace. Developed for the U.S. Air Force, it likely features advanced radar evasion technologies and long endurance. Rumours suggest it could possess limited strike capabilities, complementing traditional reconnaissance missions with potential offensive roles.

 

Switchblade (USA). The Switchblade is a compact, loitering munition developed by AeroVironment, designed for rapid deployment in tactical operations. It provides precision strike capabilities with real-time intelligence and can be launched from a portable platform. Switchblade is ideal for anti-armour and high-value target missions, offering flexibility in diverse combat scenarios.

 

China

 

Wing Loong II. The Wing Loong II is a combat UAV developed by China for long-endurance missions. Similar to the American MQ-9 Reaper, it carries a variety of air-to-ground weapons, including precision-guided bombs and missiles. It has a maximum endurance of 20 hours and an operational range exceeding 1,000 km. The Wing Loong series has been widely exported to countries in Africa and the Middle East.

 

CH-5 Rainbow. The CH-5 is a heavy-class combat drone developed by China, resembling the MQ-9 Reaper in design and functionality. It can carry up to 16 missiles and has an endurance of 36 hours, making it suitable for long-duration strike and reconnaissance missions. Its advanced sensors and electronic warfare capabilities allow it to conduct surveillance and combat operations efficiently.

 

GJ-11 Sharp Sword. The GJ-11, known as Sharp Sword, is a stealth UCAV designed for high-end combat operations. Its flying-wing design optimises it for low observability and precision strikes. It is expected to play a significant role in China’s future airpower, particularly in contested environments with anti-access/area-denial threats.

 

WZ-7 Soaring Dragon. The WZ-7 Soaring Dragon is a high-altitude surveillance drone developed by China. It is designed for reconnaissance and intelligence gathering in contested airspaces. With its stealth features, it is capable of long-endurance missions and may also have potential for combat roles, making it a versatile asset for modern military operations.

 

FH-97. The FH-97 is a loyal wingman drone designed to work alongside manned fighter jets in China’s air force. It offers advanced autonomy and long-range capabilities, assisting in tasks like surveillance, strike missions, and electronic warfare, thereby enhancing the capabilities of its human counterparts in both offensive and defensive operations.

 

CH-7. The CH-7 is a Chinese stealth unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) designed for high-altitude, long-endurance missions. With radar-evading technology, it is built for deep penetration strikes in heavily defended airspace. Its capabilities include precision attacks and reconnaissance, positioning it as a key component in China’s modernised military strategy.

 

Russia

 

S-70 Okhotnik-B (Russia). The S-70 Okhotnik-B, or “Hunter-B,” is a stealth UCAV designed to operate alongside Russia’s Su-57 fighter jets. It features advanced stealth capabilities, a flying-wing design, and the ability to carry a significant payload of precision-guided munitions. With a range of over 6,000 km and autonomous combat capabilities, the Okhotnik-B represents Russia’s push toward integrating AI into warfare.

 

Orion (Russia). The Orion UAV is a MALE combat drone developed by Russia with capabilities similar to those of the MQ-1 Predator. It can last 24 hours and carry guided munitions such as KAB-20 bombs and Vikhr missiles. The Orion has been deployed in Syria and Ukraine for reconnaissance and precision strikes, showcasing Russia’s advancements in drone warfare.

 

KUB-BLA. The KUB-BLA is a loitering munition (suicide drone) developed by Russia. Designed to deliver precision strikes, it flies autonomously to target specific assets and detonates on impact. It is a low-cost, effective weapon for disabling high-value targets, particularly in conflict zones with limited anti-aircraft defences.

 

Lancet.  The Lancet is a lightweight loitering munition used in the Ukraine conflict, providing precise, targeted strikes. It is designed to fly autonomously, locate and identify targets, and detonate on impact. Its compact size, ease of deployment, and versatility make it an effective weapon against stationary and moving targets.

 

Altius-U. The Altius-U is a long-range, unmanned aerial system (UAS) designed for intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance (ISR), and strike missions. Developed by Russia, it features advanced avionics and can carry a range of payloads, including precision-guided munitions. Its capabilities make it a valuable asset for deep reconnaissance and tactical airstrikes.

 

ZALA Lancet (Russia). The ZALA Lancet is a Russian tactical loitering munition designed for precision strikes against high-value targets. It is equipped with advanced sensors for target acquisition and can carry warheads to destroy enemy assets. The Lancet is used for anti-armour, anti-aircraft, and anti-personnel missions, effectively supporting battlefield operations.

 

Israel

 

Harop (Israel). The Harop is a loitering munition UAV designed to hunt and destroy radar installations and high-value targets autonomously. It has an operational range of 1,000 km and carries an explosive payload to engage targets with high precision. Widely used by Israel and other nations, the Harop is a key asset in electronic warfare and counter-air defence roles.

 

Hermes 900 (Israel). The Hermes 900 is a MALE UAV used primarily for ISR and strike operations. It boasts a long endurance of up to 36 hours and can carry precision-guided munitions. Several countries use the drone for border surveillance, counterterrorism, and maritime patrol missions. Its modular design allows for different payloads, including SIGINT and EO/IR sensors.

 

Heron TP (Eitan). The Heron TP, also known as Eitan, is a strategic, long-endurance UAV developed by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI). It boasts significant strike capabilities with a range of over 1,000 km and can carry a variety of payloads, including precision-guided munitions. This UAV is primarily used for surveillance and targeted strikes.

 

Harpy. The Harpy is an advanced anti-radar loitering munition developed by IAI. It is designed to seek and destroy radar systems by autonomously detecting, targeting, and attacking them. The Harpy’s loitering capability allows it to remain in an area, waiting for radar signals to attack, making it a critical tool for suppressing enemy air defences.

 

IAI Ghost. The IAI Ghost is a small, tactical UAV designed for special operations and precision strikes. Its lightweight and compact design allows for easy deployment in covert missions. It can carry out targeted strikes on enemy assets while offering real-time intelligence and surveillance, which is ideal for intelligence collection and rapid response scenarios.

 

Turkey

 

Bayraktar TB2 (Turkey). The Bayraktar TB2 is a MALE (Medium-Altitude, Long-Endurance) drone known for its success in recent conflicts in Libya, Syria, and Ukraine. It is equipped with laser-guided smart munitions and advanced surveillance capabilities. With an endurance of 27 hours and an operational range of 150 km, the TB2 provides cost-effective strike and reconnaissance solutions. Its impact on asymmetric warfare has made it popular with several countries.

 

Akinci (Turkey). Turkey’s advanced HALE (High-Altitude, Long-Endurance) UAV, the Akinci, is a strategic asset with its sophisticated avionics and AI-driven capabilities. Its ability to carry a variety of smart munitions, including air-to-ground missiles and standoff weapons, combined with an endurance of 24 hours and high-altitude operation, underscores its strategic role in Turkey’s defence doctrine.

 

Kızılelma (Turkey). The Kızılelma is a jet-powered stealth UCAV designed for high-speed strike missions. As Turkey’s first combat drone with air-to-air capabilities, it integrates AI-assisted targeting and electronic warfare capabilities. The Kızılelma is expected to play a significant role in future air combat operations, complementing Turkey’s manned fighter fleet.

 

Anka-S. Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) developed the Anka-S, an advanced UAV with additional strike capabilities, for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions. It can operate at high altitudes and extended durations and is equipped with advanced sensors and precision-guided munitions, making it practical for surveillance and targeted strikes.

 

Iran

 

Shahed-136 (Iran). The Shahed-136 is a loitering munition drone, often referred to as a ‘suicide drone,’ extensively used in asymmetric warfare. With its range of over 2,500 km and an explosive warhead designed to target critical infrastructure and military assets, the Shahed-136 has been deployed in conflicts in the West Asia and Ukraine, showcasing Iran’s growing drone capabilities.

 

Shahed-129. The Shahed-129 is an Iranian-developed UAV designed for ISR and strike missions, widely used in the West Asia. With a range of over 2,000 km, it can carry precision-guided munitions and is primarily deployed for reconnaissance, surveillance, and targeted strikes, supporting military operations in conflict zones.

 

Mohajer-6. Iran developed the Mohajer-6, a multi-role UAV capable of ISR and combat operations. Equipped with guided munitions, it can conduct precise airstrikes while gathering real-time intelligence. Its versatility makes it effective for various military tasks, including surveillance and targeted operations in diverse environments.

 

Karrar. The Karrar is a jet-powered combat UAV developed by Iran. It is designed for high-speed, long-range strike missions. It features advanced avionics and can carry a variety of weapons, making it suitable for precision airstrikes and tactical operations. Its jet propulsion allows for rapid deployment and high-performance capabilities.

 

India

 

Rustom-II (India). Rustom-II, known as TAPAS-BH-201, is India’s indigenous MALE UAV designed for surveillance and strike missions. It features an endurance of 24 hours and a payload capacity of 350 kg, including advanced surveillance systems and guided munitions. Developed by DRDO, the drone aims to reduce India’s dependence on imported UAVs and enhance its reconnaissance capabilities.

 

Ghatak (UCAV project). The Ghatak is an Indian stealth UCAV (Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle) currently under development by DRDO. It is designed for high-precision strike capabilities, features advanced stealth technology, and has low radar visibility. It is intended for deep penetration missions and aims to enhance India’s strategic capabilities in unmanned warfare.

 

Archer-NG. The Archer-NG is an advanced armed variant of the Rustom UAV, currently under development by India’s DRDO. It is designed to carry a variety of payloads, including precision-guided munitions, to conduct airstrikes. The Archer-NG enhances India’s tactical capabilities, providing a versatile surveillance, reconnaissance, and offensive operations platform.

 

European Union (Various Countries)

 

Taranis (UK). BAE Systems developed the Taranis, a stealth combat UAV designed for deep penetration strike missions. It features advanced stealth, high-speed capabilities, and autonomous flight operations. As a demonstrator for future UCAV technology, the Taranis highlights the UK’s focus on developing next-generation unmanned systems.

 

Eurodrone (Europe). The Eurodrone is a collaborative project by Germany, France, Italy, and Spain to develop a MALE UAV with European autonomy. It is intended for ISR and precision strike roles with a payload capacity supporting various sensors and munitions. The Eurodrone aims to reduce Europe’s reliance on foreign drone technology.

 

Neuron. The Neuron is a French/European stealth UCAV prototype developed by Dassault Aviation. It features advanced stealth technology for precision strike missions to minimise radar detection and enhance survivability in hostile environments. The Neuron serves as a testbed for future unmanned combat systems, showcasing European capabilities in unmanned aerial warfare.

 

South Korea

 

KUS-FS. The KUS-FS is a South Korean MALE UAV designed for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) and strike missions. Its advanced avionics and long endurance allow it to carry precision-guided munitions, effectively supporting military operations. Its multi-role capability makes it a versatile asset for both surveillance and combat.

 

KUS-VH. The KUS-VH is a South Korean loyal wingman concept currently under development. It is designed to operate alongside manned aircraft. It can perform autonomous missions, supporting reconnaissance, strike, and electronic warfare. The KUS-VH aims to enhance the capabilities of piloted platforms by acting as a cooperative and agile aerial teammate.

 

Pakistan

 

Burraq. The Burraq is an Indigenous UCAV developed by Pakistan and modelled after Chinese UAV designs. It is primarily used for surveillance and strike missions and can carry precision-guided munitions. The Burraq provides Pakistan with a versatile platform for targeting enemy assets and conducting reconnaissance in hostile environments.

 

Shahpar-II. The Shahpar-II is a Pakistani ISR and combat drone designed for intelligence gathering and precision strike missions. Equipped with advanced sensors and guided munitions, it can conduct surveillance while engaging enemy targets with high accuracy. The Shahpar-II offers enhanced operational flexibility, serving both reconnaissance and offensive roles in military operations.

 

Other Notable Drones

 

MQ-28 Ghost Bat (Australia). The MQ-28 Ghost Bat is an Australian loyal wingman drone developed for the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). It is designed to operate autonomously alongside manned aircraft, enhancing their surveillance, combat, and electronic warfare capabilities. The Ghost Bat provides flexible, cost-effective support in complex air operations.

 

CH-4 (Iraq/Jordan/Algeria imports). The CH-4 is a Chinese-built MALE UCAV widely exported to Iraq, Jordan, and Algeria. It is designed for long-endurance ISR missions and precision strikes. Equipped with advanced sensors and guided munitions, the CH-4 provides an effective platform for surveillance and targeted airstrikes in varied operational environments.

 

Warmate (Poland). The Warmate is a Polish-made tactical loitering munition designed for ISR and precision strike missions. It is lightweight and can be deployed in combat, including anti-armour operations. The Warmate can carry explosives to engage enemy targets, offering a cost-effective and versatile solution for tactical warfare.

 

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574: BOOK REVIEW: Pakistan – The Balochistan Conundrum, By Tilak Devasher

 

 

Review by: Air Marshal Anil Khosla (Retd) PVSM, AVSM, VM

Former Vice Chief of Air Staff, Indian Air Force.

 

Pakistan: The Balochistan Conundrum by Tilak Devasher is a comprehensive, meticulously researched examination of one of Pakistan’s most complex and troubled regions. As a former Indian civil servant with years of experience analysing Pakistan’s internal and external affairs, Devasher offers a deep dive into Balochistan’s conflicts’ historical, political, and socioeconomic underpinnings. He presents a multidimensional narrative that explores the impact of colonial history, resource distribution, ethnic and cultural tensions, and geopolitical influences on Balochistan’s struggle for autonomy within Pakistan.

 

At the heart of the book lies the question: what makes Balochistan so difficult to integrate fully into Pakistan? Devasher’s analysis identifies factors that have driven Balochistan’s longstanding conflicts and challenges. The province’s vast resources, geostrategic location, and distinct ethnic identity make it both a prized possession and a perpetual problem for Pakistan’s federal government. Devasher sheds light on the complex relationship between the Pakistani state and Balochistan, often marked by mistrust, resentment, and recurring conflict. His work argues that Islamabad’s policies toward the province have remained largely focused on control rather than integration, a stance that has left Balochistan in perpetual marginalisation.

 

Devasher begins by tracing the origins of Balochistan’s discontent back to the time of British colonial rule. As the British expanded their influence in the region, they established an essentially exploitative relationship with Balochistan, incorporating the region into their empire while suppressing local political structures. This legacy of exploitation and suppression left the Baloch people with an enduring distrust of centralised rule, a sentiment that has only deepened under Pakistan’s federal government.

 

Post-independence, Pakistan adopted a similar approach to Balochistan, perceiving it as a remote, resource-rich frontier rather than an integrated part of the country. According to Devasher, the forced accession of the princely state of Kalat in 1948 laid the foundation for the ongoing resistance movements in Balochistan. The book provides a detailed account of the four main insurgencies that have taken place in Balochistan since Pakistan’s creation, underscoring how each conflict has only worsened the province’s resentment towards Islamabad. Devasher’s narration explains how Pakistan’s failure to address the region’s core issues—economic deprivation, lack of political representation, and cultural autonomy—has kept the fires of rebellion alive for decades.

 

Balochistan is Pakistan’s largest but least developed province, and Devasher strongly argues that the province’s socioeconomic plight is at the core of its grievances. Despite being rich in natural gas, coal, copper, and gold, most of Balochistan’s population remains impoverished and lacks access to primary education, healthcare, and infrastructure. The exploitation of these resources has been another source of discontent, as Islamabad reaps the economic benefits while Balochistan’s people continue to live in poverty. Devasher’s work highlights the deep disparities in resource distribution, pointing out that most of the profits generated from the province’s resources go to the central government rather than the local population. This economic exclusion only deepened feelings of alienation among the Baloch people. The book also addresses the question of royalties, noting that the revenues from natural gas production, for instance, rarely benefit the people of Balochistan themselves. In Devasher’s view, the Pakistani government’s policies of resource extraction without compensation or reinvestment are an example of economic colonialism that has further alienated the Baloch populace.

 

Devasher’s critique extends to Pakistan’s heavy reliance on military intervention to maintain control over Balochistan. Since the inception of Pakistan, the government has treated the Baloch independence movement as a national security issue rather than a political or economic one. This approach, according to Devasher, has resulted in widespread human rights abuses, including forced disappearances, extrajudicial killings, and a heavy military presence that has stifled civil life in the province. He brings forth testimonies and documented evidence from various sources to illustrate the brutality of Pakistan’s military tactics, highlighting how these methods have only fuelled further resistance among the Baloch people.

 

Devasher’s exploration of human rights issues is one of the book’s most powerful sections. He discusses the “missing persons” issue in depth, referring to the thousands of Baloch activists, students, and political leaders who have allegedly been abducted or killed by state security forces. This has led to what Devasher describes as a pervasive atmosphere of fear and oppression. He further explores the militarisation of Balochistan, showing how these repressive policies have created a sense of siege among ordinary Baloch citizens. By treating Balochistan as a security problem, Devasher argues that the Pakistani government has undermined its efforts to integrate the province, instead fostering an atmosphere of anger and resentment that has only served to strengthen separatist sentiments.

 

Another crucial element of Devasher’s analysis is Balochistan’s geopolitical significance, particularly its role in Pakistan’s relationships with Afghanistan, India, and China. Devasher notes that Balochistan’s location—bordering Iran and Afghanistan and close to the Persian Gulf—makes it a strategic asset for Pakistan. However, this same strategic significance has drawn external interest, especially from India and Afghanistan, which Pakistan accuses of supporting Baloch insurgents.

 

The book also covers China’s involvement in Balochistan through the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a major infrastructural initiative that runs through the province. Devasher describes how the CPEC project while promising to bring development, has generated concerns among the Baloch over increased military presence, displacement, and lack of economic benefits for the local population. Devasher argues that while the CPEC may bring some development, it has also intensified fears that foreign powers exploit Balochistan’s resources without fair compensation to the local population. The geostrategic context adds further complexity to the Balochistan conundrum, as external involvement in the region creates additional pressure on Pakistan’s federal government.

 

In addition to political and economic issues, Devasher dedicates part of his analysis to the cultural and ethnic identity of the Baloch people. He discusses how the Pakistani state has attempted to impose a uniform national identity, one that prioritises Islam and disregards the distinct cultural heritage of the Baloch people. This attempt to assimilate Balochistan into a homogenised national identity has only heightened the Baloch people’s desire to preserve their distinct cultural and ethnic identity, adding to their resistance to centralisation.

 

Devasher argues that Pakistan’s policies have overlooked the Baloch people’s historical sense of autonomy and pride in their cultural identity. This aspect of Baloch identity is intertwined with their demand for greater independence and self-determination. Devasher presents an in-depth look at how cultural suppression has become a symbol of the broader political and economic neglect that the Baloch people face, arguing that this cultural dimension is a crucial yet often overlooked factor in understanding Balochistan’s resistance.

 

Pakistan: The Balochistan Conundrum is a profoundly insightful and compelling account of Balochistan’s struggle within Pakistan. Devasher combines historical perspective, human rights concerns, and geopolitical analysis to deliver a balanced and thorough examination of the region’s conflicts. His findings paint a sobering picture: unless Pakistan addresses the root causes of Balochistan’s grievances, its policies may continue to fuel instability and insurgency.

 

Devasher’s work ultimately suggests that the road to peace and integration lies not in military domination but in addressing the legitimate demands of the Baloch people, particularly in terms of economic inclusion, political representation, and respect for cultural identity. This book is a must-read for scholars, policymakers, and anyone interested in South Asian geopolitics, as it offers a clear-eyed look at a region that is both critical to Pakistan’s stability and emblematic of its internal struggles.

 

Your valuable comments are most welcome.

 

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