Category: indigenisation

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523: CHINA: CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING NEXT-GENERATION FIGHTER ENGINES

 

 

My Article published on The EurasionTimes Website on 22 Oct 24.

 

China’s defence policies underscore its commitment to self-reliance and the relentless pursuit of advanced technology development, aiming to reduce dependence on foreign sources. The country’s defence industry, a critical component of its national strategy, stands as one of the largest and most advanced in the world. It is a testament to China’s significant investments in military modernisation and technological innovation, bolstering military readiness and asserting its global influence. The roots of China’s defence industry can be traced back to the 1950s, following the establishment of the People’s Republic of China. Over the decades, it has evolved from focusing on basic weaponry to a more sophisticated and diversified military production capability, with a strong emphasis on advanced technology. The industry is primarily state-owned and heavily regulated by the Chinese government.

 

Defence Aviation Industry. The military aviation sector is part of China’s broader defence industry and is critical for the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF). China’s military aviation industry has rapidly evolved over the past few decades, reflecting its growing emphasis on modernising its armed forces and enhancing its defence capabilities. The industry focuses on producing a range of military aircraft, including fighter jets, transport planes, helicopters, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The Chinese military has undertaken extensive modernisation efforts, including developing advanced fighter jets (Chengdu J-20 and J-31, fifth-generation stealth fighters). However, China faces several challenges in developing advanced fighter aircraft engines, which are critical for enhancing the capabilities of its military aviation.

 

Aero Engine Corporation of China. The Aero Engine Corporation of China (AECC) is a Chinese state-owned enterprise focused on developing, manufacturing, and servicing aircraft engines. It was officially established in August 2016 in response to China’s growing need to develop its indigenous aero-engine technology for military and civilian aircraft. The company merged parts of AVIC (Aviation Industry Corporation of China) and other related entities to consolidate China’s aerospace engine research, development, and production capabilities. Developing advanced Indigenous engines is a strategic priority for China, both for the defence sector and the expanding commercial aviation industry (e.g., China’s domestically developed C919 airliner). AECC aims to reduce China’s reliance on foreign engine manufacturers and to enhance China’s aerospace capabilities, especially in the context of its military modernisation and commercial aviation expansion.

 

Current State of Development. Historically, China has relied on foreign-sourced engines, and AECC is central to the effort to change that. AECC is focused on developing turbofan and turboprop engines for military jets, such as the WS-10 series (for fighter aircraft) and the WS-15 (for China’s next-generation stealth fighter). It is also developing high-bypass turbofan engines for commercial aircraft, aiming to rival global engine makers General Electric and Rolls-Royce.

 

    • WS-10 “Taihang” Engine. The 13-14 ton thrust WS-10, a product of several years of dedicated development, represents China’s first successful attempt at producing a modern turbofan engine for its advanced fighters. This achievement, intended for use in the J-10 and J-11 fighter jets, is a testament to China’s progress in engine development. While early versions faced reliability issues, newer variants, such as the WS-10B and WS-10C, have reportedly improved significantly in thrust and performance, instilling optimism about China’s future in aviation technology.

 

    • WS-13 “Tianshan” Engine. A turbofan engine (8.5-9 ton thrust), primarily designed for the FC-1/JF-17 fighter, a joint Chinese-Pakistani light fighter aircraft. The WS-13 is a lighter engine designed for smaller fighters and is an alternative to the Russian-made RD-93 engine used in earlier JF-17 models.

 

    • The WS-15 “Emei” Engine. A next-generation turbofan engine with an estimated 18 tons of thrust is a significant milestone in China’s fighter engine development. Designed to power the J-20 stealth fighter jet, the WS-15 is strategically important as it aims to provide the thrust and performance required for fifth-generation fighter jets, particularly for China’s J-20 stealth fighter. Its potential to achieve super cruise capability (sustained supersonic flight without afterburners) underscores the strategic implications of China’s advancements in fighter engine development. Despite facing delays and challenges in achieving the desired performance standards, the WS-15 represents a promising future for China’s military aviation capabilities (Timelines for the development of this engine are attached).

 

    • WS-18. It is a high-thrust turbofan engine for heavy transport aircraft like the Y-20 and may be used in future bomber or tanker aircraft. The WS-18 is intended to replace foreign engines in China’s large transport aircraft, such as the Y-20, which initially relied on Russian D-30KP engines.

 

    • WS-20 Engine. A high bypass turbofan engine designed for the Y-20 transport aircraft, the WS-20 represents another step in China’s efforts to enhance its engine technology and reduce reliance on imports.

 

China’s Challenges in Fighter Aircraft Engine Development. The complex process of developing reliable, high-performance aero engines presents a significant challenge for AECC. Multifaceted challenges encompassing technological, material, and geopolitical factors hinder China’s quest to catch up with global leaders in engine technology. While the country has made notable strides in recent years, overcoming these challenges is crucial for enhancing its military aviation capabilities and achieving greater self-sufficiency in defence technology.

 

    • Technological Challenges. Developing advanced jet engines involves advanced knowledge and complex engineering challenges, including materials science, aerodynamics, and thermodynamics. Achieving high thrust-to-weight ratios, fuel efficiency, and durability while maintaining stealth capabilities requires innovative design solutions, advanced materials, and cutting-edge technology that has taken years to develop.

 

    • Material Limitations. Engine components must withstand extreme temperatures and stresses. Developing high-performance materials that can endure these conditions is crucial. China needs to catch up in producing advanced alloys and composite materials required for next-generation engines. Advanced manufacturing methods, such as precision casting and 3D printing, are essential for creating complex engine parts. While China has progressed in this area, ensuring quality control remains challenging.

 

    • Reliability and Quality. Rigorous testing and quality assurance are vital to ensuring engine reliability. Despite advancements, Chinese engines have struggled with quality and reliability issues compared to their Western counterparts. Early versions of domestically produced engines, like the WS-10, experienced reliability issues that needed to be addressed through ongoing refinements and improvements. There have been concerns about durability and performance under extreme conditions.

 

    • Research and Development Challenges. Building a skilled workforce with expertise in aerospace engineering and related fields is critical. While China has many engineering graduates, there is a need for more specialised training and experience in aerospace propulsion systems. Although the Chinese government has significantly increased investments in aerospace R&D, various sectors still compete for resources. Prioritising engine development over other military technologies can be a challenge.

 

    • Dependency on Foreign Technology. Historically, China has relied on foreign technology and imports for advanced aircraft engines and critical engine components, especially from Russia. This dependency has limited China’s ability to develop fully indigenous capabilities in this crucial area. For instance, China’s early fighter jets, such as the J-11, used Russian engines (AL-31F), which affected operational independence. While efforts are underway to develop indigenous capabilities, breaking this dependency takes time. Attempts to acquire foreign technology through partnerships and joint ventures have often faced political hurdles, leading to limited access to advanced engine technologies.

 

    • Geopolitical Pressures. Geopolitical tensions, particularly with Western nations, lead to sanctions that limit China’s access to advanced aerospace technologies. This slows down development and innovation in the aviation sector. Competing with established aerospace powerhouses like the United States and Russia, which have decades of experience and technological advancements in engine development, poses another significant challenge.

 

    • Intellectual Property Concerns. Efforts to reverse-engineer foreign engines have raised intellectual property issues, leading to tensions with countries that view these actions as unfair competition.

 

Present Status. China has been making significant strides in developing indigenous fighter aircraft engines. The country aims to reduce its reliance on foreign-made engines, mainly from Russia, and to enhance its domestic military aviation capabilities. China’s fighter aircraft engine development has advanced significantly in recent years, reflecting the country’s growing ambitions in military aviation. Chinese engineers have made strides in materials science, advanced manufacturing techniques, and thrust vectoring technology, enhancing engine performance and reliability. China has sought to acquire foreign technology to bolster its capabilities. Collaborations with countries like Russia have facilitated knowledge transfer, especially in engine design and testing.

 

Future Prospects. China is likely to increase its investment in R&D to improve its engine technology further. The goal is to achieve greater self-sufficiency and enhance the performance of its fighter aircraft. The exploration of next-generation technologies, including AI-driven engine management systems, adaptive cycle engines, and environmentally sustainable fuels, could shape the future of Chinese military aviation. Developing advanced fighter aircraft engines is crucial for China’s military modernisation efforts. As tensions rise in the Asia-Pacific region, the ability to produce competitive engines will play a vital role in enhancing China’s defence capabilities.

 

Strategic Implications. China’s struggles with fighter aircraft engine development have strategic implications, particularly in its military modernisation efforts and aspirations to become a global aerospace leader. Achieving self-sufficiency in engine technology is crucial for ensuring operational independence and enhancing the capabilities of its air force. Continued efforts in this area will be essential for China to strengthen its military aviation capabilities and achieve its broader defence objectives.

 

Conclusion. China’s fighter aircraft engine development is critical to its broader military modernisation strategy. While significant progress has been made, ongoing challenges remain. The emphasis on indigenous production, technological innovation, and strategic partnerships will be essential for China to enhance its position in the global military aviation landscape. As the situation evolves, monitoring these developments will be crucial for understanding the implications for regional and global security dynamics.

 

Timeline of WS-15 Engine development.

Estimates vary on when WS-15 development began.

 1990: Preliminary steps initiated.

2005: The blueprint for the WS-15 began to materialise

2006: A preliminary image of the WS-15 engine emerged five years before the J-20 prototype was unveiled.

2010: The first WS-15 prototypes entered the ground testing phase

2012: The full-scale demonstration project was completed , and extensive trials followed.

2013: The WS-15 development program started achieving significant milestones.

July 2018: The Chinese academic overseeing aviation engine R&D in Beijing, Liu Daxiang, announced that WS-15 development was progressing rapidly and would be fully completed within three years.

2019: The Russian AL-31 powering the J-20 was replaced by the domestic WS-10C engine.

2021:  the WS-15 was nearing operational readiness.

2022: One WS-15 engine was flown on the jet along with another older version of the engine for testing purposes.

March 2023: The WS-15 engine achieved full operational capability. WS-15 project Chief Chang Young at the AECC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials announced at the 7th Chinese Aviation Innovation and Entrepreneurship Competition (CAIEC) that the WS-15 engine is now ready for mass production.

29th June 2023:  Chengdu Aircraft Corporation (CAC) conducted the maiden flight of the new variant J-20 fighter, fitted with two WS-15 turbofan engines.

As of late August 2024, the Chinese WS-15 engine reportedly encounters several significant hurdles impacting its deployment and operational efficiency. One major issue involves supply chain disruptions related to the advanced alloys needed for the engine’s production.

 

Link to the Article

https://www.eurasiantimes.com/chinas-struggle-with-aero-engines-keep/

 

Your valuable comments are most welcome.

 

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References and credits

To all the online sites and channels.

References:-

  1. Adnan Moussa, “China’s WS-15. Does it challenge US dominance over fighter jet engine tech?” aljundi.ae, 01 Dec 23.
  1. Reuben Johnson, “China’s J-20 fighter seems to have a new homegrown engine, after years of struggle”, Air Warfare Global, 18 July 2023.
  1. Boyko Nikolov, “F-22 rival Chinese J-20 may have overcome engine setbacks”, Bulgarianmilitary.com, 10 Sep 2024.
  1. Alexander Holderness, Nicholas Velazquez, Jasmine Phillips, Gregory Sanders, and Cynthia Cook, “Powering Proliferation: The Global Engine Market and China’s Indigenisation” Brief CSIS, 21 Mar 2023.

Disclaimer:

Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.

 

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522: Podcast with Gaurav Arya

 

Had a very enriching chat with Gaurav Arya on a crucial topic.

 

We talked about:- 

Inter-service Coordination.

PLAAF Vis-a-vis USAF

PLAAF Vis-a-vis IAF

China’s fifth generation aircraft.

Fifth gen ac comparison.

Stealth Technology.

IAF authorised fighter aircraft strength.

IAF capability Building.

Minimum Deterrence level.

Loyal wing man concept

Generations of fighter aircraft.

China and Pakistan: export of fifth gen ac.

Atmanirbharta.

Draw down mitigation plan.

Defence production echo system.

Balanced capability enhancement.

Procurement from USA vs Russia.

Possibility of F 35 Procurement.

& many more aspects related to capability building

 

Click on the link to check it out:-

 

 

Your valuable comments are most welcome.

 

644
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References and credits

To all the online sites and channels.

 

Disclaimer:

Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.

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518: INDIAN AIR FORCE FLIGHT PATH @ 92

 

 

 

My Article published in the

News Analytics Journal (Oct 24)

 

The Indian Air Force (IAF) will celebrate its anniversary in Chennai on 08 Oct 24. The festivities will include a parade at Air Force Station Tambaram, followed by a spectacular air show over Marina Beach featuring some of the IAF’s most advanced fighter jets, such as the newly acquired Rafale, versatile SU-30, and indigenous Tejas, along with thrilling performances by the Suryakiran aerobatic team, Sarang helicopter display team and Akash Ganga skydiving team. The event serves as a celebration of the IAF’s history, technological advancements, and significant role in protecting Indian airspace. The IAF was founded on October 8, 1932, and has since grown into the world’s fourth-largest and most advanced air force. It is known not only for its combat capabilities but also for its contributions to nation-building, disaster relief and international peacekeeping missions.

 

 

Past Trail

 

Genesis. The Indian Air Force started its journey on 08 Oct, 1932, during the British Era.  The first operational squadron took flight on April 1, 1933, comprised six RAF-trained officers, 19 Hawaii Sepoys (air soldiers), and a modest fleet of four Westland Wapiti aircraft. Recognising its outstanding professionalism and accomplishments during World War II, the organisation was granted the “Royal” prefix in March 1945, thus adopting the name Royal Indian Air Force (RIAF). In January 1950, the “Royal” prefix was dropped, and the Indian Air Force proudly became the formidable force we know today.

 

Participation in Wars. To date, the Indian Air Force has engaged in four conflicts with Pakistan, including the 1947-1948, 1965, and 1971 Bangladesh War, and the 1999 Kargil War. In 1961, it played a crucial role in supporting the integration of Goa into the Indian Union. During the 1962 conflict, the IAF provided vital air support. In 1984, the IAF was pivotal in capturing the Siachen Glacier and evicting intruders from the Kargil area in 1999.

 

Strategic Transformation. The IAF was initially formed to meet the British Empire’s tactical air power application requirements, and it remained tactical for a considerable time after Independence. It was only in 1971 that the IAF carried out strategic effect-based operations with parallel air campaigns. In the first decade of this century, the IAF inducted airborne early warning and aerial refuelling capability, leading to increased strategic reach and conventional deterrence. The IAF started transforming from a tactical air power to a strategic one to become a multi-spectrum air force.

 

 

Doctrinal Evolution. Over the decades, the IAF’s doctrine has been shaped by its war experiences, technological advancements, and shifts in global military thought. The Indian Air Force has transformed from a support-oriented tactical force to a strategic power capable of several offensive, defensive, and deterrent roles. The evolution of its doctrine has kept pace with changes in global warfare, focusing on precision, network-centric operations, and the use of air and space power as critical enablers of national security. The IAF is preparing for future challenges by enhancing its space, cyber, and electronic warfare capabilities.

 

Flying For and With the Nation

 

A Key Player in Nation-Building. The Indian Air Force (IAF) is not just a defender of the nation’s skies but a multifaceted force that significantly contributes to India’s nation-building. Its roles in national security, economic development, humanitarian efforts, and technological advancements are crucial components of this process.

 

    • Safeguarding National Sovereignty. The IAF’s primary responsibility is to protect India’s airspace and national sovereignty. By ensuring air superiority, conducting surveillance, and being ready for combat, the IAF safeguards India’s territorial integrity against external threats. The IAF, a vital component of India’s defence forces triad, provides strategic deterrence through its advanced combat capabilities, thus maintaining regional stability and security. The IAF also plays an essential role in internal security by conducting air support missions during counterterrorism operations. IAF’s unwavering commitment to safeguarding national sovereignty instils a sense of security and confidence in the citizens.

 

    • Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR). The IAF’s critical role in disaster management, closely coordinating with the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and National Disaster Relief Force (NDRF), instils security and protection. The IAF is instrumental in responding to disasters due to floods, earthquakes, forest fires, cyclones, tsunamis, etc. It conducts rescue and relief operations, airlifting food, medical supplies, and personnel to affected areas. Its C-17 Globe Master III and C-130J Super Hercules transport aircraft and a fleet of helicopters are indispensable in airlifting relief materials and evacuating people from disaster-stricken regions. During the Uttarakhand floods in 2013, the IAF executed one of its most extensive disaster relief operations, rescuing thousands of stranded people in challenging terrain and providing crucial medical aid and supplies.

 

    • Medical Evacuations: The IAF has been a beacon of hope in medical evacuation operations, especially during emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic. It’s swift and efficient transportation of essential medical supplies, vaccines, and oxygen cylinders across the country and internationally reassures the public of their care and safety. The IAF also significantly evacuated Indian citizens from foreign countries during the pandemic, demonstrating its commitment to public service and national welfare.

 

    • Military-Civil Cooperation. The IAF’s airports and infrastructure are shared with civil aviation, improving connectivity, especially in remote or strategically important areas like Leh and Port Blair, etc. The IAF also provides air connectivity to remote and rugged regions when needed.

 

    • Capacity Building and Skill Development. The IAF employs thousands of personnel, including pilots, engineers, technicians, and support staff. Its training institutes are among the premier military institutions in India, producing highly skilled professionals. These valuable skills can be applied in both military and civilian sectors. Many IAF personnel contribute to various industries after their military service, transferring skills such as aviation expertise, leadership, and technical knowledge to civil aviation, engineering, and other industries.

 

    • Fostering National Integration and Patriotism. The IAF’s professionalism, discipline, and achievements in both war and peace serve as a symbol of national pride and unity. Its displays and public air shows inspire patriotism and unity among citizens. The IAF recruits personnel from all regions and communities of India, promoting national integration. The force’s inclusive nature helps foster a sense of belonging and unity among diverse sections of Indian society.

 

    • Strategic Military Diplomacy and Global Partnerships. The IAF participates in international military exercises, enhancing India’s defence ties and fostering strategic partnerships. These collaborations enhance the IAF’s operational readiness and contribute globally to India’s diplomatic relations. The IAF has extended its disaster relief operations to neighbouring and friendly nations, contributing to India’s image as a responsible global player. During the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the IAF significantly provided relief to countries like Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and the Maldives. The IAF has supported United Nations peacekeeping missions, transporting troops, equipment, and supplies to conflict zones, contributing to international peace and stability.

 

 

 

Indian Air Force Trajectory

 

The Indian Air Force’s future trajectory is shaped by its need to address evolving regional threats, adapt to technological advancements, and align with India’s broader strategic goals. As the IAF prepares for future warfare, its unwavering commitment to enhancing its capabilities in terms of air power instils a strong sense of reassurance in India’s military strength. This, coupled with its emphasis on force projection and joint operations with other military branches, positions the IAF as a formidable force. The IAF, a technology-intensive service, is dedicated to continuous technology induction and modernisation. Its modernisation efforts are centred on replacing or upgrading ageing systems, incorporating next-generation technology and acquiring new platforms, weapons and systems.

 

The IAF has recently inducted Rafale jets equipped with advanced avionics, radar systems, and weapons capabilities. These multirole fighters significantly enhance the IAF’s air combat capabilities. The Indigenous Tejas Mk1 and upcoming Tejas Mk2 aircraft are integral to the IAF’s modernisation plans. The Mk2 variant, with enhanced combat range and payload, is expected to replace older aircraft like the MiG-29 and Mirage 2000. India is also developing an indigenous Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA), a fifth-generation stealth fighter with advanced avionics, stealth capabilities, and the ability to perform air superiority and strike roles. The IAF is also expanding its strategic airlift, mid-air refuelling, and combat support operations capabilities with aircraft like the C-17 Globemaster III, C-130, IL-76/78, AWACS and AEW&C aircraft to support rapid deployment and extended operations. Its air combat capability has been boosted with the induction of Apache and heavy-lift Chinook helicopters. The IAF also includes Indigenous rotary-wing platforms like the Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) and Light Utility Helicopter (LUH).

 

The Indian Air Force is preparing itself to meet the challenges of 21st-century warfare through comprehensive all-round capability development.

 

    • Protecting the Air Space. The IAF has significantly invested in advanced air defence systems to counter emerging threats. The induction of the S-400 air defence system from Russia has substantially enhanced the IAF’s ability to defend against aerial threats. This robust defence system provides a layered, multi-target air defence capability, ensuring the audience of India’s secure airspace. The IAF’s Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS) further reinforces this security by providing a networked environment that integrates air defence sensors, weapons and command and control systems, enabling faster decision-making and real-time coordination.

 

    • Space and Cyber Capabilities. The IAF’s doctrine has expanded from air power to aerospace power, incorporating space and cyber warfare as components of future warfare. The IAF is focused on enhancing its role in space, particularly in leveraging space-based intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities. Recognising the importance of cyber warfare in modern conflicts, the IAF is strengthening its cyber defence capabilities. Establishing the Defence Space Agency (DSA) and Defence Cyber Agency (DCA) reflects this shift toward multi-domain operations, where cyber and electronic warfare will be crucial in achieving air dominance.

 

    • Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), Drones and Autonomous Platforms. The IAF is expanding its Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) capabilities to include various roles. The IAF is acquiring armed drones, including the MQ-9B SeaGuardian from the U.S., and supporting the development of indigenous armed drones. These will be used for surveillance, strike missions, and networked operations. The IAF is investing in swarm drone technology for future warfare. These drones, which can operate in large numbers to overwhelm enemy defences, will be a critical asset in high-tech conflicts. The IAF is also exploring autonomous systems that can operate in contested environments, reducing the risk to human pilots and increasing operational flexibility.

 

    • Network-Centric Warfare (NCW). The IAF focuses on network-centric capabilities, where multiple platforms (aircraft, UAVs, ground systems) are interconnected through secure communication networks. This allows the IAF to share real-time information and make quick, data-driven decisions during operations.

 

    • Reach & Precision Capabilities. The IAF is expanding its long-range strike capabilities, including advanced long-range weapons and platforms that will allow it to engage targets deep inside enemy territory precisely.

 

Indigenous Development and Self-Reliance.  The IAF has been a critical driver in India’s push toward defence indigenisation and self-reliance. The IAF’s initiative and support for indigenisation has reduced dependence on foreign suppliers, enhanced defence capabilities, and boosted the domestic industry. It has played an essential role in creating an aerospace ecosystem in India and has been operating indigenously built and licenced production aircraft and systems. It has been instrumental in developing Indigenous aircraft, radars, and missile systems in collaboration with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). Platforms like the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas, Light Combat Helicopter (LCH), and air defence systems are a testament to this. The success of these projects has contributed immensely to the Make in India policy. The IAF’s support for research and development of critical aerospace technologies further promotes innovation and technological growth. India’s “Make in India” initiative significantly influences the IAF’s future trajectory.

 

From its humble beginnings as a small auxiliary force in 1932, the Indian Air Force has grown into a highly professional, modern force. The IAF’s journey from the beginning to its current position as a symbol of national pride is a testament to its remarkable achievements. From defending the nation during conflicts to providing vital support, the IAF remains integral to India’s security and strength. It has played decisive roles in India’s wars and peacekeeping missions. The IAF, through its evolution, has remained a cornerstone of India’s defence strategy, continually adapting to meet modern challenges. IAF’s chosen trajectory aims to secure air dominance, increase self-reliance, and emerge as a key player in regional and global defence scenarios, ensuring that it remains a formidable force in conventional and unconventional warfare.

 

Your valuable comments are most welcome.

 

 

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Disclaimer:

Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.