Category: Geo-politics

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537: SYNERGISING INDIA’S MILITARY AND DIPLOMATIC GOALS

 

Paper presented at the Vaishnav College, Department of Economics and Public Policy on 22 Nov 24

 

 

Synergy in military and diplomatic policy refers to the coordinated and complementary use of military and diplomatic efforts to achieve a nation’s strategic objectives. By fostering synergy between military and diplomatic strategies, nations can pursue cohesive, balanced foreign policies that leverage their full spectrum of capabilities to achieve sustainable security and influence. By aligning these two domains, governments can reinforce their influence, minimise conflict, and enhance security more effectively than using either approach in isolation. This approach is critical in an interconnected, multipolar world where isolated use of force or diplomacy may fail to achieve complex objectives.

 

Military Diplomacy

 

Military diplomacy strategically uses military resources and capabilities to foster relationships with other countries, support international stability, and prevent conflicts. Unlike traditional diplomacy, which focuses on dialogue, negotiation, and treaties, Military diplomacy employs military-to-military interactions to achieve political and strategic objectives.

 

Objectives of Military Diplomacy. One objective of Military diplomacy is conflict prevention. By engaging in active Military diplomacy, countries work to prevent conflicts from arising through mutual understanding and cooperation. Military Diplomacy also promotes regional stability. It can help stabilise volatile regions by addressing underlying security issues and aligning efforts among regional players. Military diplomacy is increasingly used to counter non-traditional threats and security challenges like terrorism, piracy, and cyber threats, which require coordinated international responses.

 

Key Aspects of Military Diplomacy. Military diplomacy helps countries work together to address both traditional and emerging security challenges globally by enhancing trust, cooperation, and mutual understanding among nations.

 

    • Military Cooperation. It includes joint exercises, training programs, and knowledge sharing. These activities help nations build trust, increase interoperability, and improve readiness for combined operations if needed.
    • Capacity Building. Through technical assistance, training, and equipment transfers, stronger nations help build the capabilities of allies or partner states, especially in regions where security stability is crucial.
    • Peacekeeping and Stability Operations. Military diplomacy may involve sending military personnel to UN or multinational peacekeeping missions to prevent conflicts, enforce peace, or provide humanitarian aid.
    • Confidence-Building Measures. These can include transparency in military movements, open communication channels, and setting up frameworks for information sharing to reduce the risk of misunderstandings that could escalate into conflict.
    • Military Agreements and Alliances. Bilateral and multilateral Military pacts, like NATO or strategic partnerships, solidify Military relationships, offering mutual support in security and Military matters.

 

Military Diplomacy and Foreign Policy

 

Military diplomacy is closely interlinked with a country’s foreign policy. It enables states to pursue strategic interests, build alliances, and project stability through military partnerships rather than conflict. Using military diplomacy, countries can influence regional and global affairs, reinforce diplomatic efforts, and protect their national interests without relying solely on traditional diplomatic or economic channels. Military diplomacy supports foreign policy goals.

 

Promoting Peace and Stability. Military diplomacy contributes to a country’s foreign policy goal of promoting peace and stability by building trust among nations and reducing the likelihood of conflict. Confidence-building measures, such as transparent military exercises and open communication channels, help decrease misunderstandings and foster cooperation.

 

Strengthening Alliances and Partnerships. Military diplomacy reinforces alliances and builds new partnerships supporting foreign policy objectives. Joint military exercises, training programs, and security dialogues are platforms for deepening ties with strategic allies.

 

Projecting Power and Influence. Military diplomacy enables countries to extend their influence and project power by maintaining a physical presence through military bases or frequent naval deployments. This approach allows countries to reinforce their foreign policy in regions of strategic importance.

 

Securing Economic Interests. Military diplomacy can safeguard economic interests, especially in critical areas like maritime security for trade routes. Foreign policy efforts to protect economic assets, such as sea lanes and energy resources, often involve military cooperation with key states. For instance, India’s naval cooperation in the Indian Ocean aligns with its foreign policy goal of ensuring free and open sea lanes crucial for its trade.

 

Combating Transnational Threats. Military diplomacy supports foreign policy efforts to tackle global challenges such as terrorism, piracy, and cyber threats. These issues transcend national boundaries, requiring collaborative security responses.

 

Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR). Military diplomacy aids in humanitarian missions, positioning a country as a responsible international player while fostering goodwill. Humanitarian responses, such as disaster relief operations, can soften foreign policy objectives by showing empathy and commitment to global welfare. The U.S. Navy’s response to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and India’s assistance to neighbours during natural disasters exemplify how military forces can promote positive relations.

 

Supporting Arms Control and Non-Proliferation Goals. Military diplomacy can be instrumental in arms control efforts, facilitating discussions and cooperative agreements that align with a nation’s foreign policy. Diplomatic and military dialogues, treaties, and verification mechanisms help prevent arms races and promote disarmament, as seen in strategic arms reduction treaties between the U.S. and Russia.

 

Indian Military Diplomacy

 

Indian military diplomacy has evolved significantly in recent decades, becoming a core pillar of India’s foreign policy. India uses military diplomacy to strengthen regional security, foster partnerships, and project stability, especially in the Indo-Pacific region, which is vital for economic and strategic reasons.

 

Strengthening Regional Partnerships. India has developed solid military relationships with neighbouring countries and key global powers. Through forums such as the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue with the U.S., Japan, and Australia, India addresses shared security challenges, such as maritime security.

 

Capacity Building and Training. India provides training programs to military personnel from neighbouring countries like Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives, and African nations. Through institutions like the National Military College and Military Services Staff College, India trains foreign officers, building ties and promoting a shared understanding of security.

 

Military Hardware Exports and Assistance. India has become increasingly active in exporting military equipment to friendly countries as a part of its “Make in India” initiative. India’s military exports include patrol boats, helicopters, radar systems, and artillery, with growing exports to nations in Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Indian Ocean region.

 

Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR). India’s military plays a key role in disaster relief operations within the region, supporting countries hit by natural disasters. Examples include assistance to Nepal after the 2015 earthquake, support to Sri Lanka during the 2017 floods, and aid to the Maldives during water crises. India’s swift response helps build goodwill and positions it as a reliable regional partner.

 

Maritime Security Initiatives. Given the Indian Ocean’s strategic importance, India has bolstered maritime security by enhancing naval cooperation, building coastal radar systems for smaller nations, and establishing agreements on port access and joint maritime patrols. Through its Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) and Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) initiatives, India has reinforced its leadership in regional maritime security, ensuring stability along key maritime trade routes.

 

Military Exercises. India conducts joint military exercises with various nations, enhancing interoperability, readiness, and trust. Some prominent exercises include Malabar (with the U.S., Japan, and Australia), Varuna (with France), and Hand-in-Hand (with China), which aim to build capacity and understanding among the forces. India also regularly participates in United Nations Peacekeeping Missions, strengthening its commitment to global peace.

 

    • Exercise Yudh Abhyas. One of the most extensive bilateral exercises between India and the U.S., Yudh Abhyas aims to improve interoperability and strengthen defence ties.
    • Exercise Malabar. Initially, it was a bilateral exercise with the U.S., but Malabar expanded to include Japan and later Australia as part of the Quad. It’s crucial for regional security and showcases cooperation among key naval forces.
    • Exercise Varuna. This annual naval exercise strengthens Indo-French maritime cooperation, enhancing mutual understanding in complex maritime operations.
    • Exercise Garuda is an air combat exercise that enables both nations’ air forces to exchange best practices and enhance air combat readiness.
    • Exercise INDRA. Exercise INDRA is a tri-service exercise involving both nations’ Army, Navy, and Air Force. It highlights cooperation in counterterrorism and disaster relief operations.
    • Exercise Milan. Milan is a multilateral naval exercise that enhances regional maritime cooperation and focuses on building capacity for humanitarian assistance, disaster relief, and security operations.
    • Exercise Hand-in-Hand. This exercise aims to reduce tensions and build mutual trust between the Indian and Chinese armies, focusing on counter-terrorism drills and disaster response.
    • Exercise Cobra Warrior. Cobra Warrior is an advanced aerial exercise that exposes IAF pilots to NATO tactics, air combat manoeuvres, and mission planning.
    • Exercise Desert Flag. This multinational exercise focuses on interoperability and high-end air warfare, including combat drills and aerial tactics.
    • Exercise Tarang Shakti. India hosted the recent multi-lateral Air Force exercise.

 

Synergising Indian Military Policy and Foreign Policy

India’s military and foreign policy are deeply interconnected, with military policy as a strategic component of India’s broader foreign policy objectives. Together, they aim to safeguard India’s sovereignty, promote regional stability, and ensure peace and prosperity in an increasingly interconnected and multipolar world. India’s military policy supports foreign policy by building partnerships, countering security threats, and projecting India as a responsible and stable power.

 

Maintaining Sovereignty and National Security. India’s military policy is focused on securing its borders, especially given its complex relationships with neighbouring countries like China and Pakistan. India seeks to protect its sovereignty and territorial integrity through diplomatic engagement and military preparedness. Diplomatic measures like peace agreements with China and Pakistan aim to resolve territorial disputes, while military preparedness, including a robust military presence along borders, backs these efforts. This approach reflects India’s focus on diplomacy first but with military readiness as a safeguard.

 

Strengthening Regional Stability and Security. India aims to stabilise South Asia by promoting peace and security. It seeks to engage constructively with its neighbours through military diplomacy, offering military assistance, training, and joint exercises. Initiatives like the SAARC Disaster Management Center and BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) demonstrate India’s commitment to regional security, with military collaboration that aligns with foreign policy goals of fostering stability and cooperation.

 

Building Strategic Partnerships. India has pursued strategic partnerships with countries to address its security challenges. Military agreements, like the Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA) with the U.S. and reciprocal logistics agreements with Japan and Australia, are integral to this strategy. These partnerships support India’s foreign policy by positioning it within a network of like-minded democracies interested in maintaining a rules-based international order.

 

Protecting Economic Interests. India’s military policy is critical in securing its economic interests, especially given its reliance on maritime trade routes in the Indian Ocean. By investing in naval capabilities and establishing maritime security initiatives, India ensures the safety of crucial sea lanes. India’s Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) policy exemplifies this approach, aimed at fostering cooperation and ensuring a peaceful and secure maritime environment, which aligns with India’s foreign policy vision for a prosperous and stable Indo-Pacific.

 

Supporting “Act East” Policy and Expanding Influence in the Indo-Pacific. India’s Act East Policy aims to strengthen ties with Southeast and East Asia, where military diplomacy is essential. India’s military engagements, including joint exercises and naval outreach with ASEAN countries, align with foreign policy objectives to counterbalance China’s assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific. Collaborations (without military alliance) like the Quad reflect India’s proactive role in the Indo-Pacific, enhancing military and diplomatic engagement to promote a free and open region.

 

Promoting Multilateralism and Global Peace. India’s commitment to global peace and multilateralism is reflected in its active participation in United Nations peacekeeping missions, where Indian forces contribute to peacekeeping in conflict zones. This supports India’s foreign policy of being a responsible global player and aligns with its image as a proponent of a multipolar world order. India also advocates for reforms in international bodies, such as the United Nations Security Council, aligning its military policy with its foreign policy’s broader goals of promoting equitable representation on the global stage.

 

Countering Terrorism and Non-State Threats. Addressing cross-border terrorism, mainly from Pakistan, is a central aspect of both India’s military and foreign policies. Military measures like surgical strikes and strategic deployments along borders are coupled with diplomatic efforts to bring international attention to the issue. India has built coalitions with nations affected by terrorism, such as the Joint Working Group on Counter-Terrorism with several countries and initiatives under the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) to isolate terrorist-supporting states.

 

Disaster Relief and Humanitarian Operations: India’s military’s swift response to natural disasters, such as in Nepal after the 2015 earthquake or the Maldives during the water crisis, aligns with its foreign policy of being a responsible and dependable regional leader.

 

Challenges. India’s military collaborations in the Indo-Pacific may be perceived as countering China’s influence, potentially escalating regional tensions. Foreign policy must manage these partnerships sensitively to avoid open confrontation. India’s partnerships, particularly with the U.S., must be balanced with its goal of maintaining strategic autonomy. Military policy often distinguishes between deeper cooperation and avoiding entanglement in alliances.

 

Military diplomacy is a powerful extension of foreign policy, advancing national objectives through military cooperation, capacity building, and stability operations. It supports peace, economic interests, and regional security when carefully balanced, contributing to a stable and favourable international environment. India’s military policy is pivotal in supporting and advancing its foreign policy goals by enhancing security, building partnerships, and promoting stability within and beyond the region. Together, the military and foreign policy aims to position India as a stable, responsible power in a multipolar world, contributing to global peace, regional stability, and security while safeguarding India’s national interests.

 

Your valuable comments are most welcome.

 

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References and credits

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Disclaimer:

Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.

 

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534: CHINA PLUS ONE STRATEGY: DRAGON’S LOSS IS OTHER’S GAIN

 

The “China Plus One” (C+1) strategy refers to a diversification approach adopted by businesses to reduce reliance on China as a manufacturing and supply chain hub. Under this strategy, companies maintain a strong presence in China but establish operations in at least one other country to mitigate risks associated with over-dependence on China.

 

Drivers of the C+1 Strategy

 

    • Trade Tensions: Escalating trade wars, especially between the U.S. and China, have made companies cautious about relying solely on China.
    • Geopolitical Risks: Concerns about political instability, regulatory unpredictability, and strained diplomatic relations involving China.
    • Rising Costs: Labor and operational costs in China have been increasing, pushing companies to explore cost-competitive alternatives.
    • Supply Chain Disruptions: Events like the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns exposed vulnerabilities in concentrated supply chains.
    • Regulatory Pressures: Governments and businesses are encouraging a shift from China to diversify global production.

 

Key Destinations for “Plus One”.

Countries in South and Southeast Asia are among the top beneficiaries of this strategy, offering cost-competitive environments, favourable trade policies, and geographical proximity to China. These include:

    • Vietnam: Strong manufacturing base, trade agreements, and proximity to China.
    • India: Large workforce, growing infrastructure, and government incentives for foreign investment.
    • Thailand: Well-developed logistics and supply chain networks.
    • Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines: Emerging hubs with improving manufacturing capabilities.

 

Benefits of the C+1 Strategy:

    • Risk Mitigation: Reduces the impact of disruptions like tariffs, sanctions, or natural disasters.
    • Cost Optimisation: Allows companies to capitalise on lower operational costs in emerging markets.
    • Market Diversification: Expands access to other growing economies in Asia and beyond.
    • Resilience: Builds a more robust and flexible supply chain.

 

Challenges

    • Logistical Complexity: Managing multi-country operations can complicate supply chain logistics.
    • Infrastructure Gaps: Emerging countries often need more of China’s sophisticated infrastructure.
    • Skilled Labour Availability: Matching China’s manufacturing expertise may be challenging.
    • Policy and Bureaucratic Hurdles: Alternative countries’ regulatory environments may need more stability and efficiency.

 

Your valuable comments are most welcome.

 

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532: REVERSE GLOBALISATION: CONTEMPORARY STRATEGIC ECONOMIC POLICIES & TRENDS

 

 

My Article published on the Indus International Research Foundation website on 14 Nov 24.

 

Inflation, public debt, and geopolitical tensions have shaped recent strategic economic policies. Governments are taking a cautious approach to monetary policies to gradually ease inflation, ensure fiscal sustainability, and promote economic growth. Internationally, the financial focus has increasingly turned to fostering resilience through reshoring, friend-shoring, and decoupling trade policies that diversify supply chains amid shifting global dynamics. In response to the fragility revealed during the pandemic and recent geopolitical tensions, nations are incentivising local and allied-country manufacturing to reduce reliance on single sources like China. These strategic shifts aim to fortify economies against future disruptions.

 

Strategic Economic Policies.

 

Strategic economic policies are initiatives and frameworks that governments use to shape their national economy in ways that promote long-term goals, enhance competitiveness, safeguard critical industries, and adapt to global economic shifts. These policies address specific economic, social, and political objectives, often encompassing trade, technology, workforce development, and environmental sustainability.  These include:-

 

    • Industrial Policy. Support for critical industries, such as renewable energy, semiconductors, or biotech, often through subsidies, tax incentives, or direct government investment. These policies aim to foster innovation and secure leadership in high-growth sectors.

 

    • Trade Policy. Tariffs, trade agreements, and export controls can protect domestic industries, open new markets, and safeguard national interests. Trade policy also includes mechanisms like friend-shoring and decoupling to strengthen alliances and reduce dependencies on rivals.

 

    • Innovation and R&D Policy. Government funding and tax incentives for research and development can accelerate technological advances and maintain a competitive edge in AI, 5G, and green tech sectors.

 

    • Workforce Development and Education. Investing in education and workforce training aligns skills with market needs, addressing tech, healthcare, and manufacturing gaps. This boosts employment and productivity in strategic industries.

 

    • Sustainability and Environmental Policy. Incentives for renewable energy, carbon taxes, and green investments are designed to transition the economy towards sustainability, address climate change, and capture economic benefits from emerging “green” industries.

 

    • Infrastructure Investment. Strategic investments in transportation, digital infrastructure, and energy grids support productivity and resilience. Recently, emphasis has grown on building secure digital infrastructure, including 5G networks and cyber security.

 

    • Capital and Investment Policy. Policies to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) in strategic sectors while protecting sensitive areas from foreign control, such as financial regulations or screening of FDI in national security sectors.

 

Strategic economic policies are especially significant in facing challenges like globalisation, geopolitical competition,  and technological disruption. They allow governments to take proactive measures that guide their economies toward resilient and sustainable growth.

 

Reverse Globalisation

 

“Reverse globalisation” refers to a slowdown or reversal of globalisation trends, where countries move away from increased international integration and, instead, emphasise national and regional independence. This shift is often driven by political changes, economic protectionism, supply chain disruptions, or cultural movements against global homogenisation. Several influences encourage reverse globalisation.

 

Economic Nationalism. Countries may favour domestic industries over foreign competition through tariffs, subsidies, or trade restrictions. Examples include the U.S.-China trade war and the push for “Made in [Country]” policies to boost local economies and jobs.

 

Supply Chain Reconfiguration. Recent supply chain vulnerabilities, especially highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic, have driven companies to “reshore” or “nearshore” manufacturing. This shift is often motivated by the need for resilience and security rather than solely cost efficiency.

 

Immigration and Labour Policies. Reverse globalisation often includes stricter immigration policies, as seen in countries aiming to prioritise local employment. Countries might enact more stringent visa policies or limit foreign workers to reduce reliance on global labour.

 

Digital and Information Sovereignty. Reverse globalisation also affects technology and information policies, with countries creating data localisation laws and internet restrictions to safeguard digital sovereignty. Examples include China’s Great Firewall, the EU’s GDPR, and India’s data localisation requirements, all of which attempt to control information flows.

 

Political Populism and Nationalism. A rise in nationalism and populist politics has fuelled reverse globalisation. Leaders who emphasise “taking back control” often support policies that reduce international dependencies. Brexit is a prime example; the UK voted to leave the EU, a move partially driven by nationalist sentiments.

 

Environmental Concerns and Localism. Environmental movements argue that reducing global trade can lower carbon emissions by minimising the need for long-distance shipping and production. This has led to a push for local sourcing and sustainable production practices, sometimes aligning with anti-globalisation ideals.

 

Reverse globalisation reflects a complex recalibration rather than a complete abandonment of globalisation. The world remains interconnected in many essential ways, but often with a renewed focus on autonomy and resilience.

 

Recent Strategic Economic Policies

 

Recent economic policies indicate a broader trend toward economic resilience and diversification, with long-term strategies to sustain growth amidst uncertainty. Decoupling, friend-shoring and reshoring are strategic economic policies that reduce reliance on nations viewed as strategic competitors, especially in high-stakes areas like technology, energy, and critical supply chains.

 

Decoupling. “Decoupling” refers to reducing or severing economic interdependence between countries, particularly with rivals, to avoid vulnerabilities. It often focuses on critical industries like technology, energy, and defence. For example, in recent years, the U.S. and some of its allies have sought to decouple parts of their technology supply chains from China. This may involve encouraging companies to source components or raw materials from domestic or allied suppliers rather than potential strategic rivals. Decoupling involves measures like:-

 

    • Restricting Technology Transfer. Limiting the export or sharing of technology could enhance a competing nation’s capabilities.
    • Diversifying Supply Chains. Shifting manufacturing and sourcing from a competitor country to other nations or domestic markets often involves “friend-shoring.”
    • Restricting Investments. Regulating or prohibiting investments in specific sectors or companies within another nation.

 

Reshoring. Reshoring brings manufacturing and production activities back to a company’s home country or a region closer to home. This trend has gained traction recently as companies and governments seek to reduce their dependence on distant foreign suppliers, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic exposed vulnerabilities in global supply chains. Concerns about trade tensions, geopolitical risks, and the drive to secure critical industries (like semiconductors and pharmaceuticals) have further fuelled the reshoring movement. Key motivations for reshoring include supply chain resilience, local economic Incentives, better labour and quality control, sustainability, and consumer demand. For example, several countries are enacting policies to bolster semiconductor manufacturing domestically.

 

Friend-shoring. “Friend-shoring is an economic and trade strategy in which countries or businesses shift production and sourcing to nations with similar political values or solid diplomatic relations rather than relying on countries with potential geopolitical or economic conflicts. The goal is to enhance supply chain security, reduce reliance on politically unstable or adversarial regions, and build resilience by working with reliable partners. “Friend-shoring” is a more collaborative approach, aiming to secure critical supply chains by relocating them to nations with shared values or alliances. The idea is to build resilient networks within trusted partner countries to reduce risks from unpredictable or adversarial states. For instance, nations might establish manufacturing facilities or resource procurement operations in allied countries, creating a network of trade partners that align economically and politically. This strategy has gained traction as global supply chains have faced challenges from trade disputes, the COVID-19 pandemic, and regional tensions. It’s a middle ground between total globalisation and complete “reshoring” (bringing production back to the home country), allowing countries to balance security concerns with cost efficiency by collaborating with allied nations.

 

Nearshoring.  Nearshoring is a strategy where companies relocate their manufacturing or services closer to their primary market, often to neighbouring countries. This approach has gained traction due to its potential benefits and strategic advantages. By positioning suppliers closer to consumers, businesses can significantly shorten delivery times. This improves customer satisfaction and enhances inventory management by decreasing the time products spend in transit​Nearshoring can lead to reduced logistics and transportation costs, especially when compared to distant locations like China. Proximity allows companies to minimise shipping expenses and inventory holding costs. Many nearshoring destinations offer access to a skilled and competitive labour force. The workforce is generally well-trained and capable of meeting production standards, which can be crucial for maintaining quality while reducing costs.​ Nearshoring also helps diversify supply chains, reducing reliance on a single location. This is particularly important in times of geopolitical tensions or natural disasters.​

 

Decoupling aims to safeguard national security, protect sensitive industries, and reduce exposure to risks posed by economic interdependence with rival nations. However, the complex process can have widespread economic implications, affecting trade, innovation, and global supply chain resilience. Reshoring, friend-shoring, and nearshoring offer a compelling alternative to traditional offshore manufacturing. They reflect a broader trend toward regionalising supply chains and securing economic independence in an increasingly uncertain global landscape. These policies reflect a wider shift toward financial security and strategic resilience, prioritising political and security considerations in trade and supply chain decisions.

 

Your valuable comments are most welcome.

 

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References and credits

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References:

  1. Medhora Rohinton P, “Is Globalization in Reverse?” Centre for International Governance Innovation, 09 Feb 2017.
  1. Schneider-Petsinger Marianne, “The New Era of Reglobalisation.” Chatham House, 2023.
  1. Dhingra, S., & Sampson, T. “Brexit and the Future of Global Trade.” VoxEU.org.
  1. Cerdeiro, Diego A., Rui Mano, Johannes Eugster, Dirk V. Muir, and Shanaka J. Peiris. “Sizing Up the Effects of Technological Decoupling.” International Monetary Fund, March 12, 2021.
  1. Tellis, Ashley J. “Interdependence Imperiled? Economic Decoupling in an Era of Strategic Competition.” National Bureau of Asian Research, November 9, 2023.
  1. Golichowski, M., & Satapathy, N. (2024). “How reshoring is transforming the way supply chain models function”. EY Global.
  1. Weissman, R. “Is There Momentum for Reshoring in 2024?”, Octopart.
  1. Kraft, D. “Reshoring: Why It Matters and How Companies Are Adapting”. Harvard Business Review. (2024).
  1. Graham, N., & Rashid, M. “Is ‘friend-shoring’ really working?” Atlantic Council. (2023).
  1. Yellen, J. “Remarks on Friend-Shoring.” U.S. Department of the Treasury. (2022).

Disclaimer:

Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.