Category: flight safety

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577: DEADLY FORTNIGHT – NINE AIR CRASHES – SEVERAL LESSONS

 

Pic Courtesy Net

 

My Article published on the Life of Soldiers website on 10 Jan 25.

 

Within a single fortnight, the world was rocked by the tragic loss of life in nine separate air crashes. This stark reality serves as a poignant reminder of the ever-present dangers in modern aviation. While air travel is generally safe, these recent disasters underscore the urgent need for unwavering vigilance in aviation safety practices. Each crash presents us with crucial lessons—be it about aircraft technology, crew training, regulatory oversight, or emergency response—that demand immediate attention to prevent further tragedies.

 

Unfortunate Occurrences

 

Jeju Plane Crash.  The most recent and deadliest crash occurred on December 28, when a Jeju Air passenger aircraft crashed while attempting to land at Muan Airport, South Korea, resulting in 179 fatalities. Reportedly, air traffic control issued a bird strike warning six minutes before the crash. Shortly thereafter, the pilot declared a mayday, indicating immediate distress. The aircraft attempted a belly landing after its landing gear failed to deploy, leading to a skid off the runway. The plane collided with a concrete wall approximately 250 meters from the runway’s end, causing it to burst into flames. This structure housed navigational equipment and has been criticised for its hazardous placement.

 

Air Canada Mishap. On December 28, Air Canada Express Flight 2259 suffered a landing gear failure upon arriving at Halifax Stanfield International Airport. The aircraft skidded down the runway, its wing catching fire. All 73 passengers and crew were evacuated safely, avoiding injury or fatalities.

 

Azerbaijan Airlines Crash. Christmas Day, December 25, saw an Embraer ERJ-190AR aircraft operated by Azerbaijan Airlines crash near Aktau Airport in Kazakhstan, killing 38 out of 67 passengers. The Embraer 190AR aircraft was en route from Baku, Azerbaijan, to Grozny, Russia, carrying 62 passengers and five crew members.  The plane was reportedly struck by a Russian surface-to-air missile over Chechnya, intended to intercept a Ukrainian drone. This caused significant damage, leading to an attempted emergency landing in Aktau, Kazakhstan, where the plane ultimately crashed.

 

Small Aircraft Crash in Scotland. On December 23, a small aircraft crashed near Fife Airport in Scotland, killing the 50-year-old pilot. Witnesses reported unusual plane manoeuvres before it plummeted into a field shortly after take-off.

 

Private Plane Crash in Brazil. Earlier in the month, on December 22, a private plane crashed in Gramado, Brazil, killing ten members of the Galeazzi family, including prominent businessman Luiz Claudio Galeazzi. The accident also injured 17 people on the ground, with two in critical condition. The aircraft took off from Canela Airport under unfavourable weather conditions, including overcast skies and fog. Shortly after take-off, it crashed approximately 3 kilometers from the airport. The plane reportedly struck a building’s chimney, the second floor of a residential structure, and a furniture store before coming to rest. Debris also impacted a nearby inn, leading to fires that caused additional injuries on the ground.

 

Papua New Guinea Islander Crash. On December 22, a Britten-Norman BN-2B-26 Islander operated by North Coast Aviation crashed in the Sapmanga Valley of Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. All five people aboard were killed when the plane, travelling from Wasu Airport to Lae-Nadzab Airport. Among the deceased were the pilot, David Sandery, a seasoned bush pilot with over 15,000 hours of flying experience, and four passengers, including government officials and their spouses. The aircraft departed Wasu Airstrip at 10:12 a.m., and a distress signal was received at 10:30 a.m., prompting an emergency response led by the Aviation Rescue Coordination Centre (ARCC). Search efforts were delayed due to adverse weather conditions, but the crash site was eventually located the following morning.

 

Cessna Accident. On December 20, a Cessna plane en route from Porto Velho to Manaus in Brazil went missing. Its wreckage was found in the Amazon rainforest five days later, with both occupants, pilot Rodrigo Boer Machado, 29, and passenger Breno Braga Leite, tragically confirmed dead. The aircraft, a Cessna with registration PT-JCZ, departed without a flight plan and was undetected on air traffic control radar. The last known GPS location was over the southeast region of Manicoré. An extensive search operation involving the Brazilian Air Force (FAB), civil police, military police, fire department, and sniffer dogs culminated in the discovery of the crash site on December 25. The dense and inaccessible terrain of the Amazon rainforest significantly impeded search efforts.

 

Kamaka Air Crash in Hawaii. On December 17, a Cessna 208B Grand Caravan, operated by Kamaka Air LLC, crashed near Daniel K Inouye International Airport in Honolulu, Hawaii. On a training flight, the plane lost control shortly after take-off, executing a sharp left bank before crashing into a building. Both pilots perished in the accident. The aircraft, operating as Kamaka Air Flight 689, departed from Honolulu International Airport around 3:15 p.m. local time, bound for Lanai Airport. Shortly after take-off, the plane lost altitude and crashed into a vacant building near the airport. Witnesses reported erratic flight behaviour before the crash, and the pilot’s last communication indicated the aircraft was “out of control.”  The two onboard individuals were identified as pilot-in-training Hiram DeFries, 22, and instructor pilot Preston Kaluhiwa.

 

Argentina Challenger Crash. Another fatal crash occurred on December 17 when a Bombardier BD-100-1A10 Challenger 300 crashed near San Fernando Airport in Argentina, killing both pilots, 35-year-old Agustín Orforte and 44-year-old Martín Fernández Loza. The aircraft was returning from Punta del Este, Uruguay, on a ferry flight with only the two pilots on board.  Upon landing at San Fernando Airport, the jet overran the runway, breached the airport perimeter fence, collided with nearby buildings, and caught fire. Eyewitnesses reported that the aircraft failed to decelerate effectively during landing.

 

Preliminary Lessons and Recommendations

 

Preliminary lessons from the recent air crashes suggest areas for improvement in aircraft safety, crew training, and regulatory oversight. However, these insights are based on initial assessments. Thorough investigations, which are underway, will provide more precise causes and detailed recommendations. The results of the inquiry will offer a clearer path forward for safety enhancements, reassuring the aviation community about the future of aviation safety.

 

Runway and the Operating Zone. A solid concrete structure within the runway safety area is a severe safety violation. Adhering to international safety standards is crucial, as the runway operating zone should be free of hard obstacles to allow aircraft to decelerate safely in overrun scenarios.  Implementing safety features such as Engineered Materials Arrestor Systems (EMAS) is crucial, but the maintenance of runways is equally important. Ensuring that runways are properly maintained and contaminant-free enhances braking effectiveness and reduces overrun risks. This safety measure cannot be overlooked and should be a priority for all aviation stakeholders.

 

Wildlife Hazard Management. The incidences of bird strikes near International Airports, attributed to their proximity to bird habitats, underscore the need for enhanced wildlife management strategies. Measures like sound cannons, lasers, warning lights, etc., can mitigate such risks.

 

Emergency Response Preparedness. The rapid escalation from landing difficulties to a catastrophic fire highlights the need for robust emergency response protocols at airports, including efficient coordination among firefighting units and medical teams to manage such crises effectively.

 

Timely Search and Rescue Operations. The delay in locating the crash site due to adverse weather highlights the need for robust search and rescue protocols that can operate effectively in challenging conditions. Investing in advanced tracking technologies and improving inter-agency coordination can enhance response times. Deploying adequate resources, including aerial surveillance, ground teams, and technology such as drones, is essential for effective search operations, especially in challenging terrains like dense rainforests.  Engaging local communities in emergency response efforts can be beneficial, as they often possess intimate knowledge of the terrain and can assist in search operations.

 

Flight Planning and Tracking. Operating without a filed flight plan can severely hinder search and rescue operations in an emergency. Filing a flight plan should be mandatory for all flights, regardless of distance or familiarity with the route. Equipping aircraft with real-time tracking devices can provide continuous position updates, enhance situational awareness and expedite location efforts if an aeroplane goes missing. Regular maintenance and testing of emergency locator transmitters (ELTs) is crucial to ensure they activate correctly during a crash, facilitating prompt search and rescue operations.

 

Weather Assessment and Decision-Making. Some of these incidents underscore the critical importance of thorough weather assessments before flight, especially in regions prone to rapid weather changes. Pilots must evaluate current and forecasted conditions to make informed go/no-go decisions. Operating in poor visibility necessitates strict compliance with IFR procedures. Pilots should be adequately trained and current in instrument flying to navigate safely under such conditions.

 

Airspace Management in Conflict Zones. Comprehensive risk assessments are necessary when planning flight paths over or near active conflict zones. Airlines must evaluate potential threats, including military activities, to ensure passenger safety. Enhanced communication is crucial, and real-time information sharing can help reroute flights from emerging threats. International aviation bodies may need to revisit policies to protect civilian aircraft from becoming inadvertent targets.

 

Aircraft Design and Redundancy. The simultaneous failure of multiple systems, including landing gear and possibly engine components, raises concerns about the aircraft’s design redundancies. A thorough review of safety features is warranted to ensure they can withstand multiple concurrent failures.

 

Aircraft Maintenance and Performance. Ensuring that aircraft are maintained in optimal condition is vital for safe operations. Adherence to maintenance schedules and promptly addressing any identified issues can prevent mechanical failures. Comprehensive pre-flight checks and adherence to maintenance schedules can prevent mechanical failures. Accurate calculations of aircraft performance, considering weight, balance, and environmental conditions, are essential to ensure safe take-off and climb capabilities.

 

Pilot Training and Proficiency. These crashes highlight the need for regular training in emergency procedures, including handling unexpected situations during critical phases of flight like take-off and landing. Pilots should be well-prepared to manage emergencies effectively to enhance survival outcomes. Regular simulation of emergency scenarios can better prepare pilots to handle unexpected situations during actual flights. Training should emphasise decision-making skills under pressure to improve pilots’ ability to manage in-flight emergencies.

 

Stabilised Approach and Landing. Ensuring the aircraft maintains a stable approach path, speed, and configuration is critical for a safe landing. Deviations should prompt a go-around decision. Pilots should assess landing performance by considering runway length, surface conditions, and aircraft weight to ensure adequate stopping distance. Pilots should be trained to execute go-arounds decisively when approach parameters are not met rather than attempting to salvage an unstable approach.

 

Flight Data Recording. Under the Civil Aviation Safety Authority regulations, some smaller aircraft are not required to have a black box installed. However, equipping even small aircraft with flight data recorders can provide valuable information in accident investigations and help prevent future occurrences.

 

Conclusion

 

These tragedies serve as a sombre reminder of the complexities and risks inherent in modern aviation. While the loss of life is deeply tragic, it highlights the urgent need for proactive safety measures. The challenges in aviation are multifaceted, encompassing factors such as weather-related decision-making, pilot proficiency, urban flight operations, aircraft maintenance, emergency response coordination, equipment standards, communications, airport safety protocols, and search-and-rescue operations. As investigations unfold, further insights are expected to guide policy changes and safety improvements to prevent future tragedies. Implementing these lessons is essential to strengthening the safety and security of international aviation, while continuous improvements in emergency preparedness will help mitigate risks and enhance overall safety.

 

Your valuable comments are most welcome.

 

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References and credits

To all the online sites and channels.

References:-

  1. Graham, J. D., & Aigner, M. E. (2024). The Jeju Air Crash: A Detailed Analysis of the Muan Airport Tragedy. International Journal of Aviation Safety, 42(1), 12-34.
  1. Kipling, T. (2024). The Christmas Day Azerbaijan Airlines Crash: An Investigation into Aircraft Performance and Weather Impact. Aviation Accident Quarterly, 68(3), 45-62.
  1. Simpson, M., & Harrington, J. (2023). Aviation Safety in the South Pacific: The Papua New Guinea Crash. Journal of Aviation and Aeronautics, 32(4), 90-102.
  1. Walker, R. (2023). Private Aviation Crashes in Brazil: A Case Study of the Galeazzi Family Tragedy. Air Safety Report, 19(2), 75-87.
  1. BBC News. (2023, December 28). Jeju Air Crash: At Least 170 Dead in South Korean Aviation Tragedy. BBC News.
  1. CNN Aviation. (2023, December 25). Azerbaijan Airlines Embraer Crash Near Aktau Airport. CNN.
  1. Reuters. (2023, December 22). Brazil Plane Crash Kills Ten Members of Prominent Family in Gramado. Reuters.
  1. Aviation Safety Network. (2023). Summary of the Kamaka Air Crash in Hawaii. Aviation Safety Network.
  1. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). (2022). Global Aviation Safety Plan 2022-2025. ICAO.
  1. Shappell, S. A., & Wiegmann, D. A. (2017). Aviation Safety Programs: A Management Handbook. CRC Press.

Disclaimer:

Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.

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573: HARNESSING TECHNOLOGY FOR INNOVATIVE FLIGHT SAFETY IN MILITARY AVIATION.

 

 

Military aviation flight safety encompasses all measures taken to prevent accidents, incidents, and mishaps in military flight operations. Given the high-stakes and often complex missions conducted by military aircraft, flight safety is a critical priority, including proactive and reactive strategies to protect personnel, equipment, and mission integrity. Military aviation flight safety is a multi-layered approach involving rigorous planning, advanced technology, and a focus on human and mechanical reliability. Each layer of safety functions together to ensure the readiness, effectiveness, and safety of military flight operations, especially when missions involve elevated risks and unpredictable environments.

 

Flight Safety Measures in Military Aviation

 

Flight safety in military aviation is critical due to the high-risk environments and complex missions. Over the years, various measures have been established to enhance safety and reduce accidents. These measures address human factors and technological improvements and often involve international collaboration. Some of these are:-

 

Safety Management Systems (SMS) are proactive, systematic approaches to managing safety risks. They are structured frameworks that involve policies, procedures, and responsibilities to ensure continuous monitoring and improvement of safety practices. Integrating safety into day-to-day operations allows military aviation to identify and address risks more effectively. SMS ensures that safety is reactive and preventive, focusing on hazard identification and risk mitigation.

 

Crew Resource Management (CRM). CRM focuses on improving communication, leadership, and decision-making within a flight crew. CRM has been adapted for military use to minimise human error, a significant cause of accidents. CRM helps military pilots and aircrews work cohesively, especially in high-pressure and combat situations. Regular CRM training helps personnel recognise and mitigate potential hazards before they escalate.

 

Maintenance and Inspection Protocols. Stringent aircraft maintenance and inspection protocols are essential to prevent technical failures. Regular checks, adherence to maintenance schedules, and timely part replacement are crucial components. The military emphasises a meticulous inspection process to ensure aircraft reliability. Enhanced tracking systems and real-time data monitoring improve the maintenance process, reducing the likelihood of accidents due to equipment failure.

 

Human Factors and Ergonomics. Addressing human factors involves understanding pilots’ and aircrew’s physiological and psychological limits. Military aviation has taken measures to reduce fatigue, improve cockpit design, and provide stress management training. By designing better cockpits and introducing measures to counter fatigue and stress, the military minimises the risks associated with human performance issues. Improved ergonomics and better work-rest cycles also contribute to flight safety.

 

Flight Data Monitoring.  FDM involves collecting, analysing, and using data generated during flights to monitor safety performance and identify potential risks. Military aviation uses sophisticated data recorders to assess operational safety. This initiative allows for early identification of trends that might indicate safety issues. It also aids in post-incident analyses to improve future flight operations.

 

Night Vision and Advanced Navigation Systems. Modern military aircraft are equipped with advanced navigation aids and night vision systems. These technologies enable safer operations in low-visibility environments, reducing the risks of night-time and poor-weather flying. With advanced sensors, GPS, and infrared systems, pilots can operate with better situational awareness, reducing the likelihood of accidents.

 

Operational Risk Management (ORM). ORM is a decision-making process designed to identify, assess, and control risks systematically. Military pilots are trained to evaluate the risk factors for each mission, considering variables like weather, aircraft performance, and enemy threats. This measure ensures that every mission is carefully planned with risk considerations in mind and that steps are taken to mitigate potential hazards. By doing so, mission safety is enhanced, especially in combat zones.

 

Accident Investigation and Reporting Systems. Detailed investigations of incidents and accidents provide valuable lessons to prevent future occurrences. Military aviation has dedicated teams investigating crashes, near-misses, and other incidents. These investigations help identify root causes, whether mechanical, human error, or environmental factors, leading to actionable improvements in aircraft design, maintenance protocols, and training programs.

 

Survival Training and Equipment. In the event of an emergency or crash, military personnel are trained in survival, evasion, resistance, and escape (SERE) techniques. Aircraft also have advanced ejection seats, life-support systems, and emergency beacons. These measures improve the chances of survival in case of a crash. Well-trained aircrews are more likely to survive and recover from adverse situations, contributing to overall flight safety.

 

Simulation and Virtual Reality (VR) Training. High-fidelity flight simulators and VR technology allow military pilots to practice in a risk-free environment. Scenarios involving combat situations, emergency procedures, and extreme weather conditions can be replicated and rehearsed. Simulation training provides pilots with experience in dealing with high-risk scenarios without exposing them to actual danger. This enhances their ability to handle real-life emergencies and improves overall mission readiness.

 

International Collaboration and Data Sharing. Military aviation communities worldwide collaborate on flight safety initiatives by sharing best practices, safety data, and lessons learned from incidents. This international cooperation helps to improve global military flight safety standards. Sharing safety data between allied nations and multinational military organisations helps improve overall aviation safety and prevents the repetition of accidents across air forces.

 

Fatigue Risk Management. Military flying often involves long missions that can lead to pilot fatigue. Fatigue risk management programs monitor crew rest and ensure that pilots are not flying under physically or mentally taxing conditions. Managing fatigue reduces cognitive impairment and ensures that pilots remain fully alert, reducing the risk of accidents related to reduced reaction times and poor decision-making.

 

Use of Technology for Innovative Flight Safety Measures

 

Innovation in military flight safety plays a crucial role in enhancing the effectiveness of military operations while minimising risks to personnel and equipment. With evolving technologies, militaries worldwide have adopted cutting-edge systems and practices to ensure the safety of their aircrews and aircraft. Innovations in military flight safety have evolved to incorporate advanced technologies like AI, autonomous systems, and augmented reality, reducing the risks associated with human error and mechanical failures. These innovations ensure that military aviation remains effective and safe, enabling successful operations in increasingly complex and dangerous environments. Continuous development of these technologies will play a critical role in the future of military flying safety.

 

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) for Predictive Maintenance. AI and ML algorithms analyse vast flight and maintenance data to predict when components will likely fail. This allows for proactive maintenance before a critical failure occurs. Predictive maintenance significantly reduces the chances of in-flight mechanical failures, improving aircraft availability and extending the life of critical components. By predicting issues before they arise, military forces can prevent potential accidents caused by equipment malfunction.

 

Digital Twins and Virtual Modelling. A “digital twin” is a virtual replica of an aircraft constantly updated with real-time data. This allows engineers to simulate and predict the aircraft’s performance under different conditions without risking real-life testing. Digital twins allow a better understanding of aircraft wear and tear and enable military aviation units to optimise performance and safety protocols. They also help design safer aircraft by simulating potential failure modes and improving design flaws before production.

 

Advanced Cockpit Displays and Helmet-Mounted Displays (HMDs). Modern military cockpits have advanced digital displays and HMDs that provide real-time data on flight parameters, threats, navigation, and weapons systems. Augmented reality (AR) is also integrated into these systems. These technologies enhance situational awareness by allowing pilots to receive critical flight information without diverting attention from the mission environment. Real-time data improves decision-making and reduces the risk of human error during high-pressure operations.

 

Collision Avoidance Systems (CAS) combine radar, GPS, and onboard sensors to detect nearby aircraft or obstacles. The system provides automated alerts and sometimes can take control to avoid a collision autonomously. This system drastically reduces the risk of mid-air collisions or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT). It is precious in formation flying, combat environments, and during operations in low-visibility conditions.

 

Autonomous and Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) and drones are increasingly being used for missions that would otherwise put human pilots at risk, such as reconnaissance in hostile areas or intelligence-gathering in dangerous environments. UAS reduces the need for human involvement in high-risk operations, enhancing safety by eliminating the risk of human casualties in dangerous missions. In addition, autonomous systems can perform tasks like mid-air refuelling or logistics delivery with minimal pilot involvement, further improving safety.

 

Next-Generation Ejection Seats. Ejection seat technology has seen significant advancements, including features like auto-ejection systems that automatically detect when an aircraft is unrecoverable and initiate the ejection process. Modern ejection seats are designed to accommodate a broader range of pilot physiques and ensure safer ejections at different altitudes and speeds. These advancements improve the chances of survival during emergencies by reducing the physical strain on pilots during ejection and increasing the precision of the ejection process in critical situations.

 

Ground Collision Avoidance Systems (GCAS). GCAS technology automatically monitors the aircraft’s altitude, speed, and trajectory, comparing it with terrain data to avoid ground collisions. If the system detects that the aircraft is about to impact the ground, it can take control and initiate corrective manoeuvres. This technology has saved numerous lives by preventing crashes during low-level flying, particularly in combat zones or areas with challenging terrain. GCAS helps reduce the risk of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT), one of the leading causes of aviation accidents.

 

Simulators and Virtual Reality (VR) Training. High-fidelity flight simulators and virtual reality environments allow military pilots to train for complex scenarios, such as combat engagements or emergency procedures, without the risk of damaging aircraft or putting lives at risk. Simulators allow pilots to develop their skills in a safe, controlled environment by replicating realistic flight conditions and emergencies. This enhances their ability to react to real-life threats and emergencies during actual missions, improving overall flight safety.

 

Night Vision and Infrared Sensors. Modern military aircraft are equipped with night vision goggles (NVGs) and infrared (IR) sensors, which allow pilots to fly and operate in low-visibility conditions, such as night time or bad weather, without losing situational awareness. These systems significantly reduce the risk of accidents caused by poor visibility by enhancing visibility in darkness or adverse weather conditions. They also improve safety in combat situations, where flying undetected at night can be a strategic advantage.

 

Bio-Monitoring Wearable Technology. Wearable devices monitor pilots’ vital signs, including heart rate, oxygen levels, and stress markers. These devices can alert flight crews or ground control if a pilot is experiencing fatigue, stress, or hypoxia, ensuring appropriate action can be taken. Real-time health monitoring improves pilot safety by detecting physical or mental fatigue before it becomes critical. This proactive approach allows for better workload management and ensures pilots operate at peak performance during missions.

 

Autonomous Air Traffic Management Systems. Autonomous air traffic management systems use AI to optimise airspace use, deconflict flight paths, and manage large-scale military operations involving multiple aircraft. These systems can adjust real-time routes to avoid collisions or optimise mission timing. By automating air traffic management, military operations can become safer and more efficient, particularly during complex, multi-aircraft operations or congested airspaces. This reduces human controllers’ workload and minimises human error risk.

 

Military aviation’s flight safety measures blend advanced technology, human factor considerations, and robust risk management practices to mitigate the inherent risks of high-performance flying in challenging environments. Continuous innovation and collaboration among military forces globally are crucial to enhancing flight safety for current and future operations.

 

Your valuable comments are most welcome.

 

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Disclaimer:

Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.

 

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465: AIRCRAFT DRIFT

 

All pictures : courtesy Internet

 

Aircraft drift is the unintentional sideways movement of an aircraft from its intended path, caused by factors like crosswinds, wind shear, or pilot error. Several factors can contribute to aircraft drift from the runway during takeoff or landing.

 

 

Crosswinds. Strong crosswinds can push the aircraft off course, especially during landing when the aircraft is near the ground.

 

 

Wind Shear. Sudden changes in wind speed and direction, known as wind shear, can cause the aircraft to drift unexpectedly.

 

 

Pilot Error. Incorrect control inputs or misjudgment of the aircraft’s position relative to the runway can lead to drift.

 

 

Runway Conditions. Wet or contaminated runways can reduce traction, affecting the aircraft’s ability to maintain the desired track.

 

 

Aircraft Performance. Mechanical issues or aircraft performance limitations, such as engine power or control surfaces, can contribute to drift.

 

 

Weight and Balance. Improper distribution of weight or balance within the aircraft can affect its stability and handling characteristics.

 

 

Environmental Factors. Visibility issues, such as fog or glare, can make it challenging for pilots to maintain alignment with the runway.

 

 

Air Traffic Control Instructions. Miscommunication or misunderstanding of instructions from air traffic control can result in deviations from the intended flight path. 

 

Addressing these factors requires a combination of pilot skill, aircraft performance capabilities, proper maintenance, and adherence to safety protocols and procedures.

 

Coming Up:- A detailed article on the subject.

 

Suggestions and value additions are most welcome

 

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Pictures: Courtesy Internet.

 

Disclaimer:

Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from sources deemed reliable and accurate. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for purposes of wider dissemination.