The Indian Air Force (IAF) has played a pivotal role in Operation Brahma, a humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) mission launched by India to support Myanmar following a devastating 7.7-magnitude earthquake on March 28, 2025. This operation reflects India’s commitment to its “Neighbourhood First” policy and its ethos of “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” (the world is one family), positioning it as a first responder to regional crises.
The IAF’s response was immediate, with the first C-130J military transport aircraft departing from Hindon Air Force Station at around 3:00 AM IST on March 29, 2025, just a day after the earthquake. This swift action, carrying approximately 15 tonnes of relief materials, reassured the affected population that help was on the way. The aid, which included essential supplies such as tents, sleeping bags, blankets, ready-to-eat meals, water purifiers, solar lamps, generator sets, and medicines, was handed over to Yangon’s Chief Minister, U Soe Thein, by India’s envoy to Myanmar, Abhay Thakur.
Despite the challenges, the IAF escalated its efforts throughout the day, conducting multiple sorties to deliver additional aid and personnel. Two C-130J aircraft landed in Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar’s capital, carrying an 80-member National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) team with specialised rescue equipment like concrete cutters, drill machines, and trained canines for search-and-rescue operations. These flights also transported further relief supplies, totalling around 10 tonnes on the second aircraft alone. The NDRF team, received by Indian Ambassador Abhay Thakur and Myanmar’s Ambassador-at-Large Maung Maung Lynn, proceeded to Mandalay—the city hardest hit by the quake—on March 30 to begin rescue operations. This team is actively engaged in rescue operations, including efforts to assist approximately 170 monks stranded at the U Hla Thein monastery in Myanmar.
Additionally, two IAF C-17 aircraft were deployed, airlifting a 118-member Indian Army Field Hospital unit from Agra to Mandalay. This team, including women and childcare services, established a 60-bed medical treatment center to provide first aid, emergency medical services, and surgical care to earthquake victims. This significant step reassured the affected population that they were not alone in their time of need. Accompanying this unit were an additional 60 tonnes of relief materials, bringing the total assistance delivered by air to over 96 tonnes within the first 48 hours of the operation. By March 30, 2025, five IAF relief flights had landed in Myanmar, showcasing the force’s rapid response capabilities.
The IAF’s swift, relentless and coordinated effort ensured that critical supplies and personnel reached Myanmar within hours of the disaster, reinforcing India’s role as a regional leader in humanitarian relief. The operation continues to evolve, with more aid planned based on Myanmar’s needs, as confirmed by External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar and Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who expressed solidarity with Myanmar’s people during a call with junta leader Min Aung Hlaing on March 29. This ongoing commitment gives hope for the recovery and rebuilding of Myanmar.
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My Article Published on the EurasianTimes Website on 30 Mar 25.
Beginning of Mar 25, at the Mobile World Congress (MWC) in Barcelona, Nokia revealed that US defence and aerospace manufacturer Lockheed has deployed Nokia’s 5G solutions into its Hybrid Base Station. According to its website, Lockheed’s HBS is a unified network solution that provides communications, Edge processing, and advanced network capabilities for interoperable, resilient, and secure connectivity and data flow across all domains. Nokia added that its military-grade 5G technology makes it possible to “integrate commercial 5G connections with military communications systems to provide decisive information for national defence,” highlighting the importance of interoperability.
Earlier this year, China claimed to have introduced what it describes as the world’s first mobile 5G base station for military purposes. According to a South China Morning Post report, it was developed in partnership with China Mobile Communications Group and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA). The reports highlighted that the 5G mobile base station delivers high-speed, low-latency, and secure data services, supporting up to 10,000 users within a 3km radius. The system maintains a consistent total throughput of 10 gigabits per second with latency under 15 milliseconds. The report also stated that this new 5G base station paves the way for the extensive deployment of intelligent war machines. China is currently constructing what it claims to be the world’s most significant unmanned military force, featuring advanced yet cost-effective drones, robotic dogs, and other autonomous combat platforms that could eventually outnumber human soldiers.
Effective communication is essential in military aviation, where split-second decisions can determine a mission’s success or a personnel’s safety. The advent of fifth-generation wireless technology (5G) and advanced communication networks promises to revolutionise this field. With unparalleled speed, low latency, and extensive connectivity, 5G has transformative potential for real-time data sharing among aircraft, command centres, and other platforms. It enhances real-time communications in military aviation, strengthens network-centric warfare for a more integrated air force, and introduces security risks that must be addressed to protect operations. By examining these factors, we can recognise the significant implications of advanced communication technologies for modern military aviation.
Understanding 5G Technology. 5G, the fifth generation of wireless communication technology, is characterised by its high speed, low latency, and capacity to connect many devices simultaneously. These attributes make it a game-changer for military aviation, where timely and reliable communication is critical. Unlike its predecessors, 5G operates on higher frequency bands, such as millimeter waves, providing wider bandwidths for faster data transmission. It also employs techniques like beam forming, directing signals to specific devices rather than broadcasting omnidirectionally, to optimise signal strength and reduce interference.
Military Aviation: Possibilities
In military aviation, real-time data sharing involves the seamless exchange of information between aircraft, command centers, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and other platforms. 5 G’s speed often exceeds 1 Gbps. Its latency, reduced to as low as 1 millisecond, enables near-instantaneous communication, a stark improvement over 4G’s 20-30 millisecond latency.
Types of Data. Real-time data is crucial in military and defence applications, enhancing situational awareness and operational efficiency. Sensor data from radar, infrared, and other detection systems provide critical intelligence on enemy positions and movements. For instance, a fighter jet detecting a hostile target can instantly transmit its coordinates to allied forces, improving response time. Video feeds, including HD or 4K footage from UAVs or onboard cameras, offer live intelligence, with 5G ensuring seamless transmission to command centers. Telemetry data tracks aircraft speed, altitude, fuel levels, and system health, enabling proactive maintenance and reducing downtime. Communication data, including voice and text transmissions, ensures seamless coordination between pilots, ground crews, and commanders, facilitating synchronised operations. These data types support real-time decision-making, enhancing battlefield effectiveness, reducing risks, and optimising mission success rates. Integrating AI and advanced networks further strengthens these capabilities, making modern military operations more responsive and precise.
Enhancing Data Sharing Across Platforms. In combat scenarios, aircraft must exchange vast amounts of data, radar signatures, sensor readings, high-definition video feeds, and tactical updates with command centers and allied units. Consider a multi-aircraft operation targeting enemy defences: each fighter jet must instantly share its position, target data, and threat assessments. For instance, a reconnaissance plane detecting an enemy convoy could stream live video to a command center, relaying precise coordinates to strike aircraft within moments. This speed enhances decision-making, enabling commanders to adapt strategies dynamically. Moreover, 5G’s low latency is a game-changer for time-sensitive applications. Even a half-second delay could be fatal during air-to-air engagements, where pilots rely on real-time radar and missile lock data. By slashing latency to 1 ms, 5G ensures data arrives when needed, improving coordination and precision.
Integration with Unmanned Systems. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and drones are increasingly vital to military operations and performing reconnaissance, strikes, and electronic warfare. These systems depend on robust communication links to receive commands and transmit data. 5G’s high capacity and responsiveness enhance this connectivity. For example, a drone swarm conducting surveillance over hostile territory could send high-resolution imagery back to a command center while receiving real-time updated flight instructions. This capability supports more autonomous and complex UAV missions, such as coordinated attacks or perimeter defence, by maintaining a constant, reliable link. Additionally, 5G’s massive device connectivity allows numerous sensors and platforms to be integrated. A single operation might involve dozens of drones, manned aircraft, and ground stations, all sharing data through a unified network. This scalability ensures the communication infrastructure can keep pace as unmanned systems proliferate, fostering a more versatile and responsive air force.
Network-Centric Joint Warfare. Network-centric warfare (NCW) redefines military operations by linking all elements, aircraft, ground forces, naval units, and command centers into a cohesive information-sharing network. The goal is to achieve a decisive advantage through enhanced situational awareness, coordination, and speed. In aviation, NCW transforms isolated aircraft into nodes within a broader system, amplifying their effectiveness through collective intelligence. With 5G, NCW reaches new heights. Its high-speed, low-latency network enables seamless data exchange across platforms, creating a more integrated air force. Imagine a scenario where a reconnaissance drone identifies a mobile missile launcher. Within seconds, 5G transmits this intelligence to a nearby fighter jet, which adjusts its flight path while informing ground-based air defences and a command center. The jet engages the target, and the updated status is shared network-wide, allowing other units to reposition accordingly. This rapid, synchronised response exemplifies how 5G enhances operational tempo and effectiveness.
Enhancing Situational Awareness. Modern combat aircraft, including fifth- and sixth-generation fighters, rely heavily on seamless communication with command centers, reconnaissance drones, and other allied aircraft. The ability to transmit and receive data in real time enhances situational awareness, allowing pilots to react swiftly to evolving threats.
Optimising Command and Control. Military command centers depend on real-time data feeds to make strategic decisions. 5G networks enable instantaneous transmission of mission-critical information, including radar feeds, target tracking, and intelligence updates. This increased speed and reliability minimises decision-making delays, ensuring that commanders can deploy assets more efficiently and respond dynamically to threats.
AI and Big Data Integration. Advanced communication networks empower artificial intelligence (AI) systems to analyse vast battlefield data in real time. AI-driven analytics can provide predictive insights on enemy movements, optimise flight paths, and suggest strategic manoeuvres to pilots. Fusing AI with 5G networks creates a more innovative, adaptive military force capable of making split-second decisions based on real-time intelligence. This integration allows for the efficient processing of large volumes of data, enabling the military to make informed decisions and respond effectively to changing situations.
Security Risks
Integrating 5G into military aviation offers enhanced communication, real-time data sharing, and improved battlefield awareness. However, it also introduces significant security risks that could compromise mission success. As military systems increasingly rely on wireless, software-driven networks, the attack surface expands, creating new vulnerabilities.
One primary concern is jamming and interference, whereby adversaries employ electronic warfare techniques to disrupt 5G signals, which could sever critical communication links. Cyber attacks pose another serious threat; hackers might manipulate data transmissions, injecting false coordinates into navigation systems, potentially leading to disastrous consequences such as mission failure or friendly fire. Espionage is also a pressing issue, as adversaries could intercept sensitive transmissions, including radar data and flight plans, thereby exposing strategic operations. Furthermore, vulnerabilities in the supply chain emerge due to reliance on commercial 5G infrastructure.
Many private firms involved in 5G deployment may inadvertently introduce security loopholes, whether intentionally or not, granting hostile entities backdoor access. The sheer speed of 5G exacerbates these risks, allowing adversaries to launch large-scale cyber attacks more swiftly than traditional defence mechanisms can react. Additionally, the heavy dependence on virtualisation and software-defined networking introduces software-based vulnerabilities, which, if left unpatched, could be exploited by sophisticated attackers.
EW adds another layer of complexity. Adversaries might target 5G’s millimeter-wave frequencies, which, while offering high bandwidth, are susceptible to interference in contested environments. A successful jamming operation could isolate aircraft from command, crippling NCW’s effectiveness.
Threats to Military Aviation. These risks have dire implications in aviation. A compromised 5G network could disrupt UAV control, causing drones to crash or attack unintended targets. Interrupted communications might allow enemies to anticipate and counter manoeuvres during a coordinated strike. Moreover, reliance on commercial networks shared in 5G deployments raises concerns about espionage, especially if foreign entities dominate the supply chain. For instance, debates over certain manufacturers’ involvement in 5G infrastructure highlight fears of embedded vulnerabilities accessible to rival nations.
Mitigation Strategies.
To address the security risks associated with 5G in military aviation, robust defence mechanisms must be established. Encryption is vital, ensuring that intercepted communications remain indecipherable to adversaries—end-to-end encryption safeguards sensitive data, such as radar feeds and flight plans, from exploitation. Authentication protocols further bolster security by requiring multi-factor authentication to verify user and device identities, thereby preventing unauthorised access. Intrusion detection systems play a crucial role by continuously monitoring network traffic for anomalies, enabling rapid responses to cyber threats before they cause harm. Furthermore, redundancy is essential—backup communication channels, such as satellite links, provide fail-safes during 5G network disruption due to jamming or cyber attacks. Developing dedicated, military-specific 5G networks, distinct from commercial infrastructure, further enhances security by minimising exposure to supply chain risks and potential backdoors. Regular security audits and penetration testing assist in identifying vulnerabilities before adversaries can exploit them. Collaborating with the private sector can also strengthen the security of commercial components used in military applications. Lastly, training personnel to recognise cyber threats and respond effectively ensures that human factors do not become vulnerabilities in cyber security. The military can mitigate 5G-related risks while harnessing its advantages by adopting a comprehensive, multi-layered defence strategy.
Conclusion
The 5G race between China and the United States is more than just a contest for technological supremacy; it is a battle that could redefine the future of aerial warfare. As both nations invest heavily in next-generation networks, integrating 5G into military aviation will enable faster data transmission, enhanced artificial intelligence, and real-time battlefield awareness. This technology has the potential to revolutionise drone warfare, enable seamless coordination between manned and unmanned systems, and improve electronic warfare capabilities. However, the competition is not solely about innovation but security and strategic dominance. The United States remains wary of China’s 5G infrastructure, citing risks of espionage and cyber vulnerabilities, while China continues to push its indigenous advancements to reduce dependence on Western technology. The outcome of this race will not only shape military strategies but also influence global alliances, trade policies, and the future of digital warfare. As the dragon and the eagle vie for control, nations aligning with either power must carefully navigate the geopolitical implications of their technological choices. Ultimately, the side that harnesses 5G most effectively for aerial combat may gain a decisive edge in future conflicts, setting the stage for a new era of warfare.
Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.
References:-
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Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). Next-Gen Combat Cloud: How 5G Will Enhance Aerial Combat Systems. AFRL Annual Symposium, 2023.
European Defence Agency. The Role of 5G in Military Communication Networks. EDA Technical Report, 2021.
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The sixth Air Marshal PK Dey Memorial Lecture was held on 30 March 25.
Organised by the Dey Family & School for Democracy
at Bangalore International Center
Topic
Colonising Space: Threats and Opportunities.
The lecture was delivered by Wg Cdr RK Sharma (Retd)
My article on the subject: –
SPACE COLONISATION: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES.
The idea of colonising space has long captured human imagination, from the early musings of science fiction writers to the serious scientific discussions of today. With rapid technological advancements, space colonisation is shifting from fantasy to a potential reality. Space agencies such as NASA and ESA and private enterprises like SpaceX and Blue Origin actively develop plans for human settlement beyond Earth. However, while space colonisation offers numerous opportunities, it also presents significant threats. Space colonisation offers potential benefits but also has its associated challenges.
Opportunities
Resource Extraction and Economic Growth. One of the primary motivations for space colonisation is the immense untapped wealth available in space. Asteroids contain vast amounts of precious metals like platinum, gold, and rare earth elements, which are critical for modern technology. The Moon and Mars are also resource rich. Commercialising these resources could reduce dependence on Earth’s limited resources.
Expansion of Human Civilisation. Colonising space would allow humanity to expand beyond Earth, reducing the risks associated with overpopulation, resource depletion, and environmental degradation. Establishing permanent human settlements on the Moon, Mars, or space habitats would ensure that civilisation continues to thrive even if Earth faces catastrophic events such as nuclear war, pandemics, or climate change.
Technological and Scientific Advancements. Space colonisation requires ground breaking innovations in various fields, including artificial intelligence, robotics, life-support systems, and sustainable energy production. The technological advancements necessary for sustaining life in space could lead to solutions that improve life on Earth, such as more efficient renewable energy systems, improved medical technologies, and enhanced AI-driven automation.
Inspiration and Cultural Evolution. The prospect of colonising space has the potential to inspire new generations to pursue careers in science, engineering, and space exploration. The cultural impact of becoming a multi-planetary species could also lead to new art forms, philosophy, and human identity as societies adapt to living in extra-terrestrial environments.
Survival of the Human Species. One of the most compelling arguments for space colonisation is ensuring humanity’s survival. Earth is vulnerable to existential threats such as asteroid impacts, super volcanic eruptions, and global pandemics. Establishing colonies in space would safeguard against such catastrophes, ensuring that human civilisation endures despite planetary-scale disasters.
Challenges
Harsh and Hostile Environments. Space is an inherently hostile environment. Extreme temperatures, high radiation levels, and the absence of breathable air make it challenging for humans to survive. The psychological and physiological impacts of prolonged space travel and living in confined habitats could pose serious risks to human health and well-being.
Technological and Logistical Challenges. Building and maintaining colonies in space will require significant advancements in technology and logistics. Current propulsion technologies make space travel slow and expensive. Additionally, establishing self-sustaining colonies that can produce food, oxygen, and water without constant resupply from Earth is a major challenge that needs to be addressed before large-scale colonisation can occur.
Economic and Ethical Concerns. Space colonisation will likely be dominated by wealthy nations and private corporations, raising concerns about economic inequality and ethical issues. If access to space remains restricted to a select few, it could lead to exploiting extra-terrestrial resources by powerful entities, exacerbating global inequalities. There are also ethical questions regarding the potential displacement or destruction of extra-terrestrial microbial life, should it be discovered.
Geopolitical and Military Conflicts. The competition for space resources and strategic locations could lead to conflicts among nations. Just as territorial disputes exist on Earth, similar conflicts could emerge over the ownership of the Moon, Mars, and valuable asteroids. The militarisation of space poses another serious threat, as countries and corporations could use space-based weapons for strategic dominance, leading to a new form of the space race with potentially dangerous consequences.
Environmental Risks and Contamination. Human activities in space could have unforeseen ecological consequences. Space debris is already a growing problem, with thousands of defunct satellites and debris fragments posing collision risks. Additionally, the potential for planetary contamination—both forward (Earth microbes contaminating other planets) and backward (extra-terrestrial microbes posing risks to Earth)—raises concerns about irreversible ecological damage.
The Options and Possibilities
There are several options for human expansion beyond Earth, each with unique possibilities and challenges.
Colonising the Moon. The Moon, Earth’s closest celestial body, is the most immediate and realistic option for colonisation. NASA, China, and private companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin have expressed plans to establish permanent lunar bases. The Moon offers several advantages, such as lower gravity (1/6th of Earth’s), which makes launching spacecraft cheaper, and water ice in polar craters, which can be used for drinking water and fuel production. Challenges include extreme temperature variations, lack of a breathable atmosphere, and solar and cosmic radiation exposure. However, underground bases or structures made from lunar regolith could mitigate some risks. The Moon could serve as a stepping stone for deeper space missions, providing a platform for spacecraft refuelling and construction.
Mars: The Next Earth. Mars is the most frequently discussed candidate for colonisation due to its similarities to Earth, including a 24.6-hour day, an atmosphere (though thin and mainly carbon dioxide), and water ice. Elon Musk’s SpaceX is working toward making Mars colonisation a reality with its Starship rocket. Mars presents opportunities for self-sustaining agriculture, resource extraction, and potential terraforming. However, colonising Mars has significant challenges like long travel times (6-9 months), harsh radiation, low temperatures, and low atmospheric pressure. Some scientists propose living in underground lava tubes or using domed habitats until a more permanent solution is developed.
Orbital Space Stations and Artificial Habitats. Instead of colonising planets, some scientists advocate for massive space stations or O’Neill cylinders—gigantic rotating habitats capable of simulating Earth-like gravity. These structures could be built in Earth’s orbit, the Moon’s orbit, or at Lagrange points, where gravitational forces create stable positions. The advantage of space stations is that they can be designed to optimise conditions for human life, including controlled gravity, radiation shielding, and resource recycling. However, building such mega structures would require vast amounts of materials and energy, likely sourced from the Moon or asteroids.
Colonising the Asteroid Belt. Asteroids contain abundant raw materials, including metals like iron and nickel and rare elements critical for industry. Some suggest hollowing out large asteroids and converting them into space habitats could provide self-sustaining colonies. The biggest challenges would be providing artificial gravity, possibly through rotation, and securing a long-term food and water supply.
Interstellar Colonisation: The Long-Term Dream. Beyond our solar system, humanity could look toward exo-planets as future homes. Concepts like generation ships, suspended animation, and warp drives have been proposed for interstellar travel, but current technology is far from making such missions viable. However, discoveries of exo-planets in distant stars’ habitable zones suggest that future propulsion and life-support systems breakthroughs could one day enable interstellar colonisation.
Potential Strategies for Safe and Sustainable Space Colonisation
Developing Advanced Propulsion Technologies. Faster and more efficient propulsion systems, such as nuclear propulsion or ion drives, could make space travel more practical and cost-effective. Reducing travel time to Mars or beyond would mitigate many health risks associated with prolonged exposure to space radiation.
Creating Self-Sustaining Habitats. Developing closed-loop life-support systems that recycle air, water, and waste will be crucial for long-term space habitation. Hydroponic farming, 3D printing, and advanced robotics can help create self-sufficient colonies that minimise reliance on Earth for supplies.
International Collaboration and Regulation. International cooperation is necessary to prevent conflicts over space resources and ensure ethical practices. Treaties and agreements similar to the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 should be expanded to address new challenges, ensuring that space remains a peaceful and accessible domain for all humanity.
Ethical Exploration and Environmental Protection. Space exploration should be conducted with moral considerations, ensuring that planetary environments are preserved and any potential extra-terrestrial life is studied responsibly. Establishing guidelines for planetary protection can help prevent harmful contamination and ensure sustainable practices in space exploration.
Public Engagement and Education. Encouraging public interest and investment in space colonisation is essential for long-term success. Governments, educational institutions, and private companies should work together to promote space science and exploration through outreach programs, media engagement, and educational initiatives.
Conclusion
Space colonisation is no longer a fantasy but a future goal within humanity’s reach. It presents a unique combination of opportunities and threats. While it holds the promise of economic expansion, technological progress, and the survival of humanity, it also brings challenges related to environmental risks, ethical dilemmas, and geopolitical tensions. A balanced approach that prioritises sustainable development, international cooperation, and ethical considerations will be necessary to ensure that humanity’s venture into space is a success. If done responsibly, colonising space could begin a new era for human civilisation—one where our destiny is no longer confined to Earth but extends into the vastness of the cosmos. While technological, ethical, and financial hurdles remain, ongoing efforts in lunar and Martian exploration and orbital habitat development suggest that this century’s first human colonies beyond Earth may be established. As science and technology progress, the dream of becoming an interplanetary species moves closer to reality, opening up new frontiers for exploration, survival, and human ingenuity.
Please Do Comment.
For regular updates, please register your email here:-
Information and data included in the blog are for educational & non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.
References:-
Crawford, Ian A. “Space Colonization and Energy Supply: A Scenario for the 21st Century.” Space Policy, vol. 27, no. 4, 2011, pp. 217–222.
Metzger, Philip T. “Space Resources Fundamentals: Implications for Human Settlement.” Acta Astronautica, vol. 173, 2020, pp. 37–52.
Cockell, Charles S. “The Ethical Challenges of Space Colonisation.” New Space, vol. 2, no. 3, 2014, pp. 113-118.
Szocik, Konrad et al. “Political and Legal Challenges of Space Colonization: Space Settlers and Earth Independence.” Space Policy, vol. 51, 2020, p. 101337.
Grinspoon, David. “Colonizing Other Planets: Prospects for the Future of Humanity.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 376, no. 2134, 2018, pp. 1-15.
Blue Origin. “The Road to Space Colonization.” Blue Origin, 2023.
Impey, Chris. Beyond: Our Future in Space. W. W. Norton & Company, 2015.
O’Neill, Gerard K. The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space. William Morrow, 1976.
Sagan, Carl. Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space. Random House, 1994.
Zubrin, Robert. The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must. Free Press, 2011.
