{"id":9505,"date":"2025-03-04T18:04:24","date_gmt":"2025-03-04T12:34:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/?p=9505"},"modified":"2025-03-04T18:04:24","modified_gmt":"2025-03-04T12:34:24","slug":"608-the-evolving-aviation-mro-industry-and-indias-opportunity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/2025\/03\/04\/608-the-evolving-aviation-mro-industry-and-indias-opportunity\/","title":{"rendered":"608: THE EVOLVING AVIATION MRO INDUSTRY AND INDIA&#8217;S OPPORTUNITY"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #800080;\">My article was published in the Mar 25 issue of Life of Soldier Journal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\">India\u2019s aviation Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) market is witnessing rapid growth, driven by increasing air travel demand, expanding airline fleets, and government initiatives promoting domestic MRO services. As airlines seek cost-effective maintenance solutions, India\u2019s strategic location and skilled workforce position it as a potential global MRO hub. However, high taxation, infrastructure gaps, and regulatory hurdles hinder its full potential. With policy reforms, investment in advanced facilities, and collaboration with global players, India can transform its MRO sector into a key driver of the aviation industry. This article explores India&#8217;s MRO market&#8217;s growth, challenges, and opportunities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #333300;\"><strong><u>Key Players in the Aviation MRO Industry<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #993300;\">The Aviation Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) industry comprises airlines, independent MRO providers, Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), and specialised component repair firms. These entities offer a wide range of services, from routine maintenance to complex overhauls, ensuring the safety and reliability of aircraft worldwide.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #333399;\"><u>Airlines with In-House MRO Capabilities<\/u>. Many airlines operate MRO divisions to maintain their fleets and offer third-party services. Lufthansa Technik, a subsidiary of Lufthansa Group, is one of the largest MRO providers globally, offering airframe maintenance, engine services, and component support. Similarly, Delta TechOps, the MRO arm of Delta Air Lines, provides maintenance services for Delta\u2019s fleet and other airlines. Another major player, Air France Industries KLM Engineering &amp; Maintenance (AFI KLM E&amp;M), services various aircraft and engines, offering component maintenance and logistics support.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #339966;\"><u>Independent MRO Providers<\/u>. Independent MRO companies operate globally, serving airlines and aircraft operators. ST Engineering Aerospace, based in Singapore, provides airframe, engine, component maintenance, and cabin refurbishments. AAR Corp, a U.S.-based provider, offers component repair, logistics, and airframe maintenance for commercial and defence sectors. HAECO (Hong Kong Aircraft Engineering Company Limited) specialises in airframe maintenance, component services, and cabin solutions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #339966;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><u>Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs)<\/u>. OEMs have expanded into the MRO sector to support their aircraft and components. Boeing Global Services offers maintenance, parts, and digital solutions for Boeing aircraft. Airbus Services provides technical support and training for Airbus operators, focusing on predictive maintenance. GE Aviation specialises in engine MRO services, offering maintenance solutions for both its own and other manufacturers&#8217; engines. Rolls-Royce TotalCare provides comprehensive engine maintenance under long-term service agreements.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #003366;\"><u>Specialised Component and Engine MRO Providers<\/u>. Several companies focus on specific components and engines. MTU Aero Engines, based in Germany, provides engine MRO services for commercial and military aircraft. StandardAero offers engine and airframe MRO services for commercial and business aviation. SIA Engineering Company, based in Singapore, partners with multiple OEMs to enhance its service offerings.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #993366;\"><u>Regional MRO Providers<\/u>. Many regional providers cater to specific markets. Turkish Technic offers airframe, engine, and component maintenance and aircraft modifications. Joramco, based in Jordan, provides airframe and component maintenance for various aircraft. GAMECO (Guangzhou Aircraft Maintenance Engineering Company), a Chinese MRO provider, specialises in airframe, component, and engine services.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #ff6600;\"><u>Emerging and Niche Players<\/u>. Smaller MRO providers are expanding their presence. Based in Estonia, Magnetic MRO provides line and base maintenance, engineering, and asset management services. FL Technics, a European-based provider, offers line and base maintenance and component support, primarily serving airlines in Europe, Asia, and the CIS region.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #008000;\"><u>Digital and Data-Driven MRO Service Providers<\/u>. Digital transformation is reshaping the MRO industry. Based in Switzerland, SR Technics integrates digital solutions and data analytics for predictive maintenance. Lufthansa Technik\u2019s Aviatar platform provides predictive maintenance and technical asset management to improve operational efficiency.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #800080;\"><u>Collaborative Ventures and Alliances<\/u>. Partnerships between MRO providers and OEMs enhance service capabilities. AFI KLM E&amp;M and Boeing collaborate to provide component support and maintenance solutions for Boeing 787 aircraft. TAP Maintenance &amp; Engineering partners with OEMs to improve its servicing capabilities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #003300;\"><strong><u>Aviation Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) India<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #993300;\">India&#8217;s aviation sector is expanding remarkably, positioning the country as one of the largest aviation markets in the world. With rising air travel demand, the MRO industry is expected to witness significant growth, projected to reach a value of around $1 billion by 2025. The increasing number of domestic and international flights, the rise of low-cost carriers, and the burgeoning middle class are major contributors to this growth. Airlines are prioritising maintenance and repair services to ensure operational efficiency and safety.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\"><u>Key Indian Players<\/u>. Several key players dominate the Indian MRO industry, each contributing to its development. Air India Engineering Services Limited (AIESL), a subsidiary of Air India, provides comprehensive MRO services for both Air India and third-party airlines, offering airframe maintenance and component support. The Indira Gandhi Institute of Aeronautics (IGIA) plays a crucial role in workforce training through its partnerships with airlines and MRO providers. GMR Aero Technic, a part of the GMR Group, operates from Hyderabad and offers maintenance, repair, and overhaul services. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), a state-owned entity, specialises in aircraft maintenance, particularly for military aircraft. The TATA Group has entered the MRO sector through TATA Advanced Systems, focusing on military and commercial aircraft maintenance.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #993366;\"><u>Challenges Faced by the MRO Industry in India.<\/u> Despite its promising growth, the Indian MRO sector faces several challenges. Infrastructure development remains a significant issue, as many MRO facilities require upgrades to meet global standards. The industry also suffers from a shortage of skilled technicians and engineers, necessitating targeted efforts to attract and train talent. High import duties on aircraft spare parts increase costs for MRO providers, making it challenging to source necessary materials at competitive rates. Additionally, navigating complex regulatory compliance requirements can be resource-intensive for MRO operators. The following factors collectively hamper the growth of an indigenous MRO industry, making Indian airlines reliant on foreign facilities for maintenance.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #ff0000;\"><u>OEM Aftermarket Monopoly.<\/u> Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) dominate the aftermarket, restricting independent MRO players through intellectual property (IP) control, high consultancy fees, and restrictions on direct part sales. OEMs also use pricing strategies and exclusive contracts to limit competition.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #ff0000;\"><u>Contractual &amp; Offset Clause Issues<\/u> \u2013 Airlines and OEMs impose conditions in aircraft purchase\/leasing deals, such as mandatory maintenance at designated (often foreign) MRO facilities. Offset clauses, especially in defence aviation, usually remain unimplemented, limiting local MRO capabilities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #ff0000;\"><u>Infrastructure Shortcomings.<\/u> Limited land allocation for airport MRO hangars increases logistics costs. Training infrastructure is also inadequate, with many institutes lacking access to aircraft for hands-on learning.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #ff0000;\"><u>Lack of Access to Credit.<\/u> MRO is capital-intensive, and post-pandemic financial strains have made credit access difficult. High collateral demands further restrict expansion.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #ff0000;\"><u>Post-pandemic Demand-Supply Mismatch.<\/u> While India anticipated MRO growth, post-2021 tax reforms, oversupply due to global pandemic disruptions, and supply chain constraints had hindered expected expansion.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #ff0000;\"><u>Taxation &amp; Duty Issues.<\/u> Despite the reduction of GST on MRO services, high tax rates on spare parts deter growth. Complex customs classifications also result in excessive duties, while the inverted duty structure discourages local manufacturing. Additionally, Indian airports charge royalties on MRO revenue, increasing operational costs.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><u>Emerging Trends<\/u>. Several emerging trends are shaping the future of the Indian MRO industry. The government has proactively supported this sector through initiatives like the National Civil Aviation Policy and the \u201cMake in India\u201d campaign, which encourage domestic manufacturing and services. Digital transformation is another key trend, with MRO providers increasingly leveraging data analytics and IoT to improve operational efficiency and predictive maintenance. Indian companies are also forming partnerships with global MRO players, gaining access to advanced expertise, technology, and best practices to enhance service quality.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #008000;\"><u>Future Prospects<\/u>. Looking ahead, the future of the Indian MRO industry appears promising. The continuous rise in air traffic is expected to drive sustained demand for maintenance services, creating new opportunities for existing players and new entrants. Investment opportunities abound in MRO facilities, workforce development, and advanced technologies. As India continues to cement its position as a key player in the global aviation market, strategic initiatives from government and private sector investments will likely shape a more robust and competitive MRO industry.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #003366;\"><u>Recommendations for Strengthening India\u2019s MRO Sector<\/u>. Key challenges must be addressed to enhance India\u2019s Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) industry and make it competitive globally. The sector needs investment, regulatory support, and improved infrastructure. The following short-term and long-term measures are recommended.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #008000;\"><u>Establish a Nodal Agency for MRO Regulation<\/u>. A dedicated regulatory body should oversee policies, manage inter-ministerial coordination, and implement industry reforms. The agency should promote technological innovation (AI, predictive analytics, drones) and encourage R&amp;D for indigenous technology. Offset management must ensure foreign investments contribute to capacity and technology development. Efforts should be made to expand India\u2019s global MRO outreach and foster strategic partnerships with OEMs. Strengthen human resource development through industry-academia collaborations and international exchange programs.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #008000;\"><u>Leverage low-IP-control areas as Entry Points<\/u>. Indian MRO should focus on line maintenance, structural repair, avionics, and electrical work before progressing to high-IP areas like engine maintenance. Partnering with Tier-I global MROs can expand expertise and market reach.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #008000;\"><u>Develop Infrastructure and Encourage OEM Collaborations<\/u>. Self-sufficiency in spare parts manufacturing is crucial, as spares constitute 55% of component MRO and 80% of engine MRO costs. Government support through Production Linked Incentives (PLI) and joint ventures with FAA\/EASA-certified MROs can boost domestic production.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #008000;\"><u>Address OEM Monopoly and Strengthen Alternatives<\/u>. OEMs dominate aircraft maintenance through restrictive contracts and data control. India should promote alternatives like Surplus Parts (Used Serviceable Materials), Designated Engineering Representatives (DER) Repairs, and Parts Manufacture Approval (PMA). India should seek bilateral agreements to promote global acceptance of DGCA certifications.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #008000;\"><u>Introduce Capital Investment Incentives<\/u>. The government should offer tax credits on capital expenditures, PLI incentives for components and spares, lower duties\/taxes on Indian-made aviation parts, and state-level incentives for electricity and amenities to attract foreign MRO investments.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #008000;\"><u>Adopt a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Model<\/u>. MRO facilities require high capital investment and long break-even periods. Government-owned, Privately Operated (GOPO) models can optimise public MRO capacities like AIESL and HAL.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #008000;\"><u>Civil-Defence MRO Convergence<\/u>. Leverage underutilised defence MRO capacity (e.g., HAL) to support civil aviation needs. Absorb skilled defence personnel into the civil MRO workforce.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #008000;\"><u>Rationalise Customs Duty, GST, and Land Rentals<\/u>. Reduce high GST and customs duty on aircraft parts to match competitors like Malaysia and Singapore. Extend duty exemptions to MRO-imported aircraft parts. Lower AAI land lease rentals to make MRO operations cost-effective.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #008000;\"><u>Enhance Human Capital Development<\/u>. Establish industry-linked aviation training programs. Government-supported scholarships and exchange programs can create a skilled workforce.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #008000;\"><u>Recognise MRO as Infrastructure<\/u>. Including MRO services in India\u2019s Harmonized Master List of Infrastructure Sub-sectors will enable tax benefits, foreign investment, and financial incentives.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #993300;\"><strong><u>Conclusion<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\">India\u2019s aviation MRO market is poised for significant expansion, driven by rising air traffic, government initiatives, and cost advantages. However, challenges such as high taxation, regulatory complexities, and infrastructure gaps hinder its full potential. India must streamline policies, enhance local capabilities, and attract global investments to capitalise on opportunities. Strengthening the domestic supply chain and fostering skilled labour will further boost competitiveness. With strategic reforms and industry collaboration, India can emerge as a global MRO hub, reducing dependence on foreign facilities and fostering self-reliance. The sector\u2019s growth is vital for the broader aviation ecosystem, supporting economic development and technological advancement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff6600;\"><u>Please Do Comment.<\/u><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"ays_finish_poll_2\" name=\"ays_finish_poll_2\" value=\"0a8a23bbf9\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wp_http_referer\" value=\"\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9505\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"ays_finish_poll_show_res_2\" name=\"ays_finish_poll_show_res_2\" value=\"0a8a23bbf9\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wp_http_referer\" value=\"\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9505\" \/><style>        #ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm {            width: 100%;                        margin: 0 auto !important;            border-style: ridge;            border-color: #0C6291;            border-radius: 0;            border-width: 2px;            box-shadow: none;background-color: #FBFEF9;            background-position: center center;            background-repeat: no-repeat;            background-size: cover;            max-width: 100%;            position: relative;            padding-bottom: 60px;        }        .ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.ays-minimal-theme .apm-choosing{\t\t    display: flex;\t\t    align-items: center;\t\t}        .ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90 div.ays-image-logo-show{\t\t\tposition: absolute;\t\t\tbottom: -5px;    \t\tleft: 1px;\t\t\tmargin: 2px 0 0 0;\t\t\tpadding: 2px;\t\t\twidth: 100%;\t\t\theight: 65px;\t\t\ttext-align: left;\t\t\t\t}        .ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90 .ays-poll-image-logo{\t\t\twidth: 55px;\t\t\theight: 55px;\t\t}\t\t.ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.ays-minimal-theme .apm-choosing input[type=radio]:checked + label, .ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.ays-minimal-theme .apm-choosing label.ays_enable_hover:hover{        \tbackground-color: #0C6291 !important;\t\t    color: #0C6291 !important;\t\t    border-color: #0C6291 !important;\t\t    font-weight: initial !important;\t\t    margin:3px 0 !important;\t\t}\t\t.ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.ays-minimal-theme .apm-choosing input[type=radio]:checked + label *,\t\t.ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.ays-minimal-theme .apm-choosing input[type=checkbox]:checked + label *,\t\t.ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.ays-minimal-theme .apm-choosing label.ays_enable_hover:hover *{\t\t    color: #0C6291;\t\t}\t\t.ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.ays-minimal-theme .apm-choosing input[type=radio]{\t\t\t\t\t\tborder-radius: 50%;\t\t\twidth: 20px;\t\t\theight: 19px;\t\t\tmargin: 3px !important;\t\t\tborder: 1px solid #1e8cbe;\t\t\topacity: 1;\t\t}\t\t.ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.ays-minimal-theme .apm-answers .apm-choosing input[type=radio]:checked::after{\t\t\tcontent: '';\t\t\tborder-radius: 50%;\t\t\twidth: 11px;\t\t\theight: 11px;\t\t\tbackground-color: #1e8cbe;\t\t\t \t\t}\t\t.ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.ays-minimal-theme .apm-choosing input[type=radio]:focus{\t\t\toutline-offset: 0 !important;    \t\toutline: unset !important;\t\t}\t\t.ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.ays-minimal-theme .apm-choosing label{\t\t\tborder-color: #0C6291 !important;\t\t    font-weight: initial !important;\t\t    margin:3px 0 !important;\t\t}\t\t.ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.ays-minimal-theme .apm-choosing input[type='radio']{\t\t    display: block !important;\t\t}\t\t.ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.ays-minimal-theme input[type='button'].ays-poll-btn:hover, .ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.ays-minimal-theme input[type='button'].ays-poll-btn:focus{\t\t\ttext-decoration: none;\t\t}\t\t.ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.ays-minimal-theme input[type='button'].ays-poll-btn{\t\t    color: initial !important;\t\t    background: initial !important;\t\t    border: 1px solid #0C6291;\t\t    border-radius: 3px;\t\t}\t\t.ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.ays-minimal-theme .ays_poll_passed_count{\t\t    color: #0C6291 !important;\t\t    background: initial !important;\t\t    border: 1px solid #0C6291;\t\t    border-radius: 3px;\t\t}\t\t.ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.ays-minimal-theme .ays_poll_passed_count i.ays_poll_fa:before{\t\t    color: #0C6291 !important;\t\t    \t\t}        .ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.ays-minimal-theme .answer-percent{        \tcolor: initial !important;\t\t}        .ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm span.ays_poll_passed_count{            background-color: #0C6291;            color: #FBFEF9;        }        #ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm span.ays_poll_passed_count i{            color: #FBFEF9;        }        #ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .apm-title-box{            background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);        }        .ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90 .answer-percent {            background-color: #0C6291;            color: #FBFEF9 !important;        }        .ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90 .ays-poll-btn{            color: #FBFEF9 !important;            background-color: #0C6291 !important;            overflow: hidden;        }        #ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90 .ays-poll-view-more-button{\t\t    border-radius: 0;\t\t}        .ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm * {            color: #0C6291;        }        .ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .apm-title-box div {            color: #0C6291;            text-transform: inherit;            font-family: inherit;\t\t\t        }        #ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm i {            color: #0C6291;            font-size: 24px;            font-style: normal;                    }\t\t#ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90 .ays-poll-btn{       \t\twidth: auto;\t\t\tfont-size: 17px;\t\t\tpadding: 10px 20px;\t\t\tborder-radius: 3px;\t\t\tcolor: #FBFEF9 !important;\t\t\tbackground: #0C6291 !important;\t\t}\t\t#ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90 .apm-add-answer input.ays-poll-new-answer-apply-text{            width: 100%;\t\t\tmargin-bottom: 0;\t\t\tmargin-right: 5px;\t\t\tborder-color: #0C6291; \t\t\tpadding: 7px;\t\t\tfont-size: 14px;\t\t\tcolor: black;\t\t\theight: 40px; \t\t\toutline: none;\t\t\tdisplay: inline-block;        }        #ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm i.ays_poll_far{                        font-family: 'Font Awesome 5 Free';        }        #ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .apm-choosing .ays-poll-each-answer-list{            \t\t\twidth: initial;\t\t\ttext-align: initial;\t\t\tdisplay: initial;\t\t\tpadding: 10px;        }        #ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .apm-choosing .ays-poll-each-answer-grid{            \t\t\twidth: 100%;\t\t\ttext-align: left;\t\t\tdisplay: inline-block;\t\t\tword-break: break-word;        }\t\t        #ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .apm-choosing .ays_label_poll{            \t\t\twidth: 100%;\t\t\ttext-align: center;\t\t\tdisplay: flex;\t\t\t;\t\t\talign-items: center;\t\t\tpadding: 10px;        }        #ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .apm-choosing .ays-poll-each-image{            \t\t\theight: 150px;\t\t\tborder-radius: 0px;\t\t\tobject-fit: cover;        }        #ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .apm-choosing .ays-poll-each-image-list{\t\t\twidth: 220px;        }        #ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .apm-choosing .ays-poll-each-image-grid{\t\t\twidth: 100%;        }        #ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .apm-choosing .ays-poll-answer-container-label-grid{\t\t\talign-items: center;        }        #ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .apm-choosing .ays-poll-answer-container-label-list{\t\t\tflex-direction: row;        }        #ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .ays_poll_grid_view_container{\t\t\tdisplay: flex;\t\t\tflex-wrap: wrap;\t\t\tjustify-content: space-between;\t\t\talign-items: flex-start;        }        #ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .ays-poll-answer-container-gird{\t\t\twidth: calc(50% - 5px);\t\t\tmargin-bottom: 10px;        }\t\t        #ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .ays_poll_label_without_padding{\t\t\tpadding: 10px;\t\t\talign-items: center;\t\t\tflex-direction: column;        }        #ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .apm-title-box div{\t\t\tfont-size: 20px;\t\t\tword-break: break-word;\t\t\tword-wrap: break-word;\t\t\ttext-align: center;        }        #ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .ays-poll-answer-container-list{\t\t\t\t\t\tmargin-bottom: 10px;\t\t\tdisplay: flex;\t\t\twidth: 100%;        }        #ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .ays-poll-maker-text-answer-main input,\t\t#ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .ays-poll-maker-text-answer-main textarea{\t\t\tmin-width: 150px;\t\t\tmax-width: 100%;\t\t\twidth: %;        }        #ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .ays-poll-password-box .ays-poll-password-button-box .ays-poll-password-button{\t\t\tbackground-color: #0C6291;\t\t\tcolor: #FBFEF9;\t\t\tborder-color: #0C6291;\t\t\toutline: none;\t\t\tbox-shadow: unset;\t\t\tborder: 0;\t\t\ttransition: .5s;        }        #ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .ays-poll-password-box .ays-poll-password-button-box .ays-poll-password-button:hover{\t\t\tbackground-color: #0C6291b5;        }        #ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .ays-poll-password-box .ays-poll-password-input-box .ays-poll-password-input{\t\t\tborder-color: #0C6291;        }\t\t#ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .apm-answers .apm-choosing label.ays_label_poll{            \t\t\tbox-shadow:unset;\t\t\tborder-radius: 0px;        }\t\t#ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm.text-poll .apm-answers .ays-poll-text-types-inputs{            \t\t\tfont-size: 16px;        }\t\t\t\t\t#ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90 div.apm-load-message-container{            \t\t\t\tbackground-color: #FBFEF9 !important;\t\t\t}\t        #ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.choosing-poll label {\t            background-color: #FBFEF9;\t            border: 1px solid #0C6291;\t            text-transform: inherit;\t        }        .ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.choosing-poll input[type=radio]:checked + label,\t\t.ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90:not(.ays-minimal-theme).choosing-poll input[type='checkbox']:checked + label,        .ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.choosing-poll label.ays_enable_hover:hover {        \tbackground-color: #0C6291 !important;            color: #FBFEF9;        }\t\t.ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90:not(.ays-minimal-theme).choosing-poll input[type='checkbox']{\t\t\tdisplay: none;\t\t}        .ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.choosing-poll input[type=radio]:checked + label *,        .ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.choosing-poll input[type=checkbox]:checked + label *,        .ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.choosing-poll label.ays_enable_hover:hover * {            color: #FBFEF9;        }.ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90 .apm-info-form input {            border-color: #0C6291;        }        div[class~=ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90] label.ays_label_font_size {            font-size: 16px;        }        button.ays-poll-next-btn:focus {            background: unset;            outline: none;        }        button.ays-poll-next-btn:disabled {            cursor: not-allowed;            background: dimgrey !important;            color: white !important;        }        button.ays-poll-next-btn:enabled {            cursor: pointer;        }        .ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90 .apm-info-form input {            color: #0C6291 !important;            background-color: #FBFEF9 !important;        }         .ays-poll-main #ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90 .ays-poll-img {            object-fit: cover;\t\t\theight: 100%;         }        .ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90 div.apm-loading-gif .apm-loader svg path,        .ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90 div.apm-loading-gif .apm-loader svg rect {            fill: #0C6291;        }.ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90 div.apm-loading-gif .apm-loader{\t\t\t\tdisplay: flex;\t\t\t\tjustify-content: center;\t\t\t\talign-items: center;\t\t\t\tpadding-top: 10px;\t\t\t}\t\t\t.ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90 div.apm-loading-gif{\t\t\t\twidth: 100%;    \t\t\theight: 100%;\t\t\t}\t\t\t.ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .ays_question p{\t\t\tfont-size: 16px;\t\t}\t\t\t\t@media only screen and (max-width: 768px){\t\t\t#ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm {\t\t\t\twidth: 100%;\t\t\t}\t\t\t#ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .ays-poll-btn{\t\t\t\twidth: auto;\t\t\t}\t\t\t.ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .ays_question p{\t\t\t\tfont-size: 16px;\t\t\t}\t\t\t.ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90 .apm-answers,\t\t\t.ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90 .ays_poll_grid_view_container {\t\t\t\tflex-direction: column;\t\t\t}\t\t\t#ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .ays-poll-answer-container-gird{\t\t\t\twidth: 100%;\t\t\t}\t\t\t#ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .apm-title-box div{\t\t\t\tfont-size: 20px;\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\t\t\t\tword-break: break-word;\t\t\t\tword-wrap: break-word;\t\t\t}\t\t\t.ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm label.ays_label_font_size {\t\t\t\tfont-size: 16px;\t\t\t}\t\t\t#ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm.text-poll .apm-answers .ays-poll-text-types-inputs{            \t\t\t\tfont-size: 16px;\t\t\t}\t\t\t#ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .apm-answers > .apm-choosing > .ays_label_poll > div.ays-poll-answer-image > img.ays-poll-each-image{\t\t\t\theight: 150px;\t\t\t}\t\t\t#ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .apm-answers .apm-choosing > label.ays-poll-answer-container-label-list > p.ays-poll-answers > span.ays-poll-each-answer-list {\t\t\t\tpadding: unset;\t\t\t\tword-wrap: break-word;\t\t\t}\t\t\t#ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90 .ays-poll-btn{\t\t\t\tfont-size: 17px;\t\t\t\tline-height: 1;\t\t\t\twhite-space: normal;\t\t\t\tword-break: break-word;\t\t\t}\t\t}\t\t@media screen and (max-width: 768px){\t\t\t#ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90{\t\t\t\tmax-width: 100%;\t\t\t}\t\t}\t\t#ays-poll-container-2{        \twidth: 100%;\t\t}\t\t@media screen and (max-width: 768px){\t\t\t#ays-poll-container-2{\t\t\t\twidth: 100%;\t\t\t\tmax-width: 96%;\t\t\t}\t\t\t#ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90.box-apm .apm-choosing .ays-poll-each-image-list{\t\t\t\twidth: 100%;        \t}\t\t}\t\t\t           <\/style>        <script>            var dataCss = {\t\t\t\twidth: '100%',                maxWidth: '98%',                fontSize: '16px',                padding: '10px',                margin: '0 auto',                marginTop: '-1rem',                borderStyle: 'ridge',                borderWidth: '2px',                borderColor: '#0C6291',                background: '#FBFEF9',                color: '#0C6291',                transition: '.3s ease',                WebkitAppearance: 'none',                appearance: 'none',                };            var hoverCss = {                background: '#0C6291',                color: '#FBFEF9',                borderColor: '#FBFEF9',            };        <\/script><div style='margin-bottom: 1rem;' class='ays-poll-main ' id='ays-poll-container-2' data-load-method=''>        <form style='margin-bottom: 0;' >                        <div                dir='ltr'        data-loading='load_gif'        data-load-gif='plg_default'        data-load-gif-font-size='64'                data-hide-bg-image='false'        data-gradient-check=''        data-gradient-dir='to bottom'        data-gradient-c1='#103251'        data-gradient-c2='#607593'        data-hide-bg-image-def-color='#FBFEF9'        data-show-social=''        class='box-apm  voting-poll ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90 '        id='ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90'        data-res='0'        data-res-sort='none'        data-restart ='false'        data-redirection = '0'        data-redirect-check = '0'        data-url-href = ''        data-href = ''        data-delay = '0'        data-id='2'        data-res-rgba = ''        data-percent-color = '#0C6291'        data-enable-top-animation = ''        data-top-animation-scroll = '100'        data-info-form=''        data-enable-social-links=''        ><span class='ays_poll_passed_count'><i class='ays_poll_fa ays_poll_fa-users' aria-hidden='true'><\/i> 1924<\/span><div class='ays_poll_cb_and_a'><\/div><div class='apm-title-box'><div>Default rating<\/div><\/div><div class='ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90 ays_question'><p>Please give a thumbs up if you\u00a0 like The Post?<\/p><\/div><div class='ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90 hideResults ays-poll-hide-result-box'> <\/div><div class='apm-answers  '><div class='apm-voting answer-ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90'><input type='radio' name='answer' id='radio-0-ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90' value='20'>                                                    <label for='radio-0-ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90' class=''><i class='ays_poll_far ays_poll_fa-thumbs-up'><\/i><\/label><\/div><div class='apm-voting answer-ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90'><input type='radio' name='answer' id='radio-1-ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90' value='21'>                                                    <label for='radio-1-ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90' class=''><i class='ays_poll_far ays_poll_fa-thumbs-down'><\/i><\/label><\/div><\/div><div class='apm-cashed-fa'><div>                                <i class='ays_poll_fas ays_poll_fa-star' style='font-size: 0'><\/i>                            <\/div><div>                                <i class='ays_poll_fas ays_poll_fa-star' style='font-size: 0'><\/i>                            <\/div><\/div><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"ays_finish_poll_show_res_2\" name=\"ays_finish_poll_show_res_2\" value=\"0a8a23bbf9\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wp_http_referer\" value=\"\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9505\" \/><div class='apm-button-box'><input type='button' \t                    name='ays_finish_poll'\t                    class='btn ays-poll-btn voting-btn ays_finish_poll'\t                    data-form='ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90'\t                    value=\"Vote\"\t                    ><\/div><script>\t\t\t\tif(typeof aysPollOptions === 'undefined'){\t\t\t\t\tvar aysPollOptions = [];\t\t\t\t}\t\t\t\taysPollOptions['ays-poll-id-6a2031c993a90']  = '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';\t\t\t<\/script><\/div><\/form><\/div><\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #800080;\">For regular updates, please register your email here:-<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"wocoo4MO8x\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/subscribe\/\">Subscribe<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;Subscribe&#8221; &#8212; Air Marshal&#039;s Perspective\" src=\"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/subscribe\/embed\/#?secret=DBF8J1muBo#?secret=wocoo4MO8x\" data-secret=\"wocoo4MO8x\" width=\"525\" height=\"296\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>References and credits<\/u><\/p>\n<p>To all the online sites and channels.<\/p>\n<p>Pic Courtesy: Internet<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><u>References:-<\/u><\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India. (2023). National Civil Aviation Policy (NCAP). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.civilaviation.gov.in<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"2\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA). (2023). Annual Report on Indian Aviation Sector. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.dgca.gov.in<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"3\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Invest India. (2023). India\u2019s MRO Industry: Growth Potential &amp; Investment Opportunities. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.investindia.gov.in<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"4\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">NITI Aayog. (2022). Aviation Sector Development: Roadmap for 2030. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.niti.gov.in<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"5\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce &amp; Industry (FICCI). (2023). Indian MRO Industry: A Gateway to Self-Reliance.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"6\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">CAPA India. (2023). Indian Aviation Outlook: MRO Market and Capacity Growth.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"7\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Sharma, R., &amp; Verma, A. (2022). \u201cEconomic Viability of MRO Operations in India.\u201d Journal of Air Transport Studies, 15(3), 145-167.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"8\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Patel, N., &amp; Iyer, M. (2021). \u201cAssessing Policy Reforms in Indian Aviation Maintenance Sector.\u201d Aerospace Industry Review, 9(4), 223-240.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"9\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Gupta, P. (2020). \u201cInfrastructure Challenges for India\u2019s MRO Industry.\u201d International Journal of Aviation Management, 7(2), 78-95.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"10\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">The Economic Times. (2023, October 15). \u201cIndia\u2019s MRO Industry Set for $5 Billion Expansion.\u201d Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com\">https:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"11\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Business Standard. (2023, November 10). \u201cMRO Reforms: Will India Reduce Dependence on Foreign Maintenance Hubs?\u201d Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\">https:\/\/www.business-standard.com<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"12\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Aviation Week. (2023, December 5). \u201cIndia\u2019s Emerging Role in Global Aircraft Maintenance.\u201d Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aviationweek.com\">https:\/\/www.aviationweek.com<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"13\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Live Mint. (2023, September 20). \u201cBudget 2023: Tax Cuts &amp; Incentives to Boost India\u2019s MRO Sector.\u201d Retrieved from https:\/\/www.livemint.com<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"14\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Interview with Amber Dubey, Former Joint Secretary, Ministry of Civil Aviation. (2023). Discussing policy reforms for India\u2019s MRO sector. Published by FICCI Aviation Summit Proceedings.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><u>Disclaimer<\/u>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Information and data included in the blog are for educational &amp; non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; My article was published in the Mar 25 issue of Life of Soldier Journal. &nbsp; India\u2019s aviation Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) market is witnessing rapid growth, driven by increasing air travel demand, expanding airline fleets, and government initiatives promoting domestic MRO services. As airlines seek cost-effective maintenance solutions, India\u2019s strategic location and skilled &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/2025\/03\/04\/608-the-evolving-aviation-mro-industry-and-indias-opportunity\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;608: THE EVOLVING AVIATION MRO INDUSTRY AND INDIA&#8217;S OPPORTUNITY&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9569,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[77,19,139,138,28],"tags":[922,39,373,920,921,924,923,30],"class_list":["post-9505","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aircraft","category-article","category-atmanirbharta","category-indigenisation","category-technology","tag-ailines","tag-india","tag-maintenance","tag-mro","tag-mro-market","tag-overhaul","tag-repair","tag-technology"],"post_mailing_queue_ids":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9505","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9505"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9505\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9570,"href":"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9505\/revisions\/9570"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9569"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9505"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9505"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9505"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}