{"id":7913,"date":"2024-10-22T10:13:03","date_gmt":"2024-10-22T04:43:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/?p=7913"},"modified":"2024-10-22T10:13:03","modified_gmt":"2024-10-22T04:43:03","slug":"523-china-challenges-in-developing-next-generation-fighter-engines","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/2024\/10\/22\/523-china-challenges-in-developing-next-generation-fighter-engines\/","title":{"rendered":"523: CHINA: CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING NEXT-GENERATION FIGHTER ENGINES"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7928\" src=\"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/download.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"259\" height=\"194\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #0000ff;\">My Article published on The EurasionTimes Website on 22 Oct 24.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #800080;\">China&#8217;s defence policies underscore its commitment to self-reliance and the relentless pursuit of advanced technology development, aiming to reduce dependence on foreign sources. The country&#8217;s defence industry, a critical component of its national strategy, stands as one of the largest and most advanced in the world. It is a testament to China\u2019s significant investments in military modernisation and technological innovation, bolstering military readiness and asserting its global influence. The roots of China&#8217;s defence industry can be traced back to the 1950s, following the establishment of the People&#8217;s Republic of China. Over the decades, it has evolved from focusing on basic weaponry to a more sophisticated and diversified military production capability, with a strong emphasis on advanced technology. The industry is primarily state-owned and heavily regulated by the Chinese government.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #993300;\"><u>Defence Aviation Industry<\/u>. The military aviation sector is part of China&#8217;s broader defence industry and is critical for the People&#8217;s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF). China&#8217;s military aviation industry has rapidly evolved over the past few decades, reflecting its growing emphasis on modernising its armed forces and enhancing its defence capabilities. The industry focuses on producing a range of military aircraft, including fighter jets, transport planes, helicopters, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The Chinese military has undertaken extensive modernisation efforts, including developing advanced fighter jets (Chengdu J-20 and J-31, fifth-generation stealth fighters). However, China faces several challenges in developing advanced fighter aircraft engines, which are critical for enhancing the capabilities of its military aviation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000080;\"><u>Aero Engine Corporation of China.<\/u> The Aero Engine Corporation of China (AECC) is a Chinese state-owned enterprise focused on developing, manufacturing, and servicing aircraft engines. It was officially established in August 2016 in response to China\u2019s growing need to develop its indigenous aero-engine technology for military and civilian aircraft. The company merged parts of AVIC (Aviation Industry Corporation of China) and other related entities to consolidate China&#8217;s aerospace engine research, development, and production capabilities. Developing advanced Indigenous engines is a strategic priority for China, both for the defence sector and the expanding commercial aviation industry (e.g., China&#8217;s domestically developed C919 airliner). AECC aims to reduce China&#8217;s reliance on foreign engine manufacturers and to enhance China&#8217;s aerospace capabilities, especially in the context of its military modernisation and commercial aviation expansion.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #008000;\"><u>Current State of Development<\/u>. Historically, China has relied on foreign-sourced engines, and AECC is central to the effort to change that. AECC is focused on developing turbofan and turboprop engines for military jets, such as the WS-10 series (for fighter aircraft) and the WS-15 (for China&#8217;s next-generation stealth fighter). It is also developing high-bypass turbofan engines for commercial aircraft, aiming to rival global engine makers General Electric and Rolls-Royce.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #993366;\"><u>WS-10 &#8220;Taihang&#8221; Engine<\/u>. The 13-14 ton thrust WS-10, a product of several years of dedicated development, represents China\u2019s first successful attempt at producing a modern turbofan engine for its advanced fighters. This achievement, intended for use in the J-10 and J-11 fighter jets, is a testament to China&#8217;s progress in engine development. While early versions faced reliability issues, newer variants, such as the WS-10B and WS-10C, have reportedly improved significantly in thrust and performance, instilling optimism about China&#8217;s future in aviation technology.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #ff6600;\"><u>WS-13 &#8220;Tianshan&#8221; Engine.<\/u> A turbofan engine (8.5-9 ton thrust), primarily designed for the FC-1\/JF-17 fighter, a joint Chinese-Pakistani light fighter aircraft. The WS-13 is a lighter engine designed for smaller fighters and is an alternative to the Russian-made RD-93 engine used in earlier JF-17 models.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #003366;\"><u>The WS-15 &#8220;Emei&#8221; Engine<\/u>. A next-generation turbofan engine with an estimated 18 tons of thrust is a significant milestone in China&#8217;s fighter engine development. Designed to power the J-20 stealth fighter jet, the WS-15 is strategically important as it aims to provide the thrust and performance required for fifth-generation fighter jets, particularly for China\u2019s J-20 stealth fighter. Its potential to achieve super cruise capability (sustained supersonic flight without afterburners) underscores the strategic implications of China&#8217;s advancements in fighter engine development. Despite facing delays and challenges in achieving the desired performance standards, the WS-15 represents a promising future for China&#8217;s military aviation capabilities (Timelines for the development of this engine are attached).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #ff0000;\"><u>WS-18<\/u>. It is a high-thrust turbofan engine for heavy transport aircraft like the Y-20 and may be used in future bomber or tanker aircraft. The WS-18 is intended to replace foreign engines in China\u2019s large transport aircraft, such as the Y-20, which initially relied on Russian D-30KP engines.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #339966;\"><u>WS-20 Engine<\/u>. A high bypass turbofan engine designed for the Y-20 transport aircraft, the WS-20 represents another step in China&#8217;s efforts to enhance its engine technology and reduce reliance on imports.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #800080;\"><u>China&#8217;s Challenges in Fighter Aircraft Engine Development<\/u>. The complex process of developing reliable, high-performance aero engines presents a significant challenge for AECC. Multifaceted challenges encompassing technological, material, and geopolitical factors hinder China&#8217;s quest to catch up with global leaders in engine technology. While the country has made notable strides in recent years, overcoming these challenges is crucial for enhancing its military aviation capabilities and achieving greater self-sufficiency in defence technology.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><u>Technological Challenges<\/u>. Developing advanced jet engines involves advanced knowledge and complex engineering challenges, including materials science, aerodynamics, and thermodynamics. Achieving high thrust-to-weight ratios, fuel efficiency, and durability while maintaining stealth capabilities requires innovative design solutions, advanced materials, and cutting-edge technology that has taken years to develop.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000080;\"><u>Material Limitations<\/u>. Engine components must withstand extreme temperatures and stresses. Developing high-performance materials that can endure these conditions is crucial. China needs to catch up in producing advanced alloys and composite materials required for next-generation engines. Advanced manufacturing methods, such as precision casting and 3D printing, are essential for creating complex engine parts. While China has progressed in this area, ensuring quality control remains challenging.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #ff0000;\"><u>Reliability and Quality<\/u>. Rigorous testing and quality assurance are vital to ensuring engine reliability. Despite advancements, Chinese engines have struggled with quality and reliability issues compared to their Western counterparts. Early versions of domestically produced engines, like the WS-10, experienced reliability issues that needed to be addressed through ongoing refinements and improvements. There have been concerns about durability and performance under extreme conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #003366;\"><u>Research and Development Challenges<\/u>. Building a skilled workforce with expertise in aerospace engineering and related fields is critical. While China has many engineering graduates, there is a need for more specialised training and experience in aerospace propulsion systems. Although the Chinese government has significantly increased investments in aerospace R&amp;D, various sectors still compete for resources. Prioritising engine development over other military technologies can be a challenge.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #993300;\"><u>Dependency on Foreign Technology<\/u>. Historically, China has relied on foreign technology and imports for advanced aircraft engines and critical engine components, especially from Russia. This dependency has limited China&#8217;s ability to develop fully indigenous capabilities in this crucial area. For instance, China&#8217;s early fighter jets, such as the J-11, used Russian engines (AL-31F), which affected operational independence. While efforts are underway to develop indigenous capabilities, breaking this dependency takes time. Attempts to acquire foreign technology through partnerships and joint ventures have often faced political hurdles, leading to limited access to advanced engine technologies.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000080;\"><u>Geopolitical Pressures<\/u>. Geopolitical tensions, particularly with Western nations, lead to sanctions that limit China&#8217;s access to advanced aerospace technologies. This slows down development and innovation in the aviation sector. Competing with established aerospace powerhouses like the United States and Russia, which have decades of experience and technological advancements in engine development, poses another significant challenge.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #ff6600;\"><u>Intellectual Property Concerns<\/u>. Efforts to reverse-engineer foreign engines have raised intellectual property issues, leading to tensions with countries that view these actions as unfair competition.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #003300;\"><u>Present Status<\/u>. China has been making significant strides in developing indigenous fighter aircraft engines. The country aims to reduce its reliance on foreign-made engines, mainly from Russia, and to enhance its domestic military aviation capabilities. China&#8217;s fighter aircraft engine development has advanced significantly in recent years, reflecting the country&#8217;s growing ambitions in military aviation. Chinese engineers have made strides in materials science, advanced manufacturing techniques, and thrust vectoring technology, enhancing engine performance and reliability. China has sought to acquire foreign technology to bolster its capabilities. Collaborations with countries like Russia have facilitated knowledge transfer, especially in engine design and testing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #003366;\"><u>Future Prospects.<\/u> China is likely to increase its investment in R&amp;D to improve its engine technology further. The goal is to achieve greater self-sufficiency and enhance the performance of its fighter aircraft. The exploration of next-generation technologies, including AI-driven engine management systems, adaptive cycle engines, and environmentally sustainable fuels, could shape the future of Chinese military aviation. Developing advanced fighter aircraft engines is crucial for China\u2019s military modernisation efforts. As tensions rise in the Asia-Pacific region, the ability to produce competitive engines will play a vital role in enhancing China\u2019s defence capabilities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #800080;\"><u>Strategic Implications.<\/u> China&#8217;s struggles with fighter aircraft engine development have strategic implications, particularly in its military modernisation efforts and aspirations to become a global aerospace leader. Achieving self-sufficiency in engine technology is crucial for ensuring operational independence and enhancing the capabilities of its air force. Continued efforts in this area will be essential for China to strengthen its military aviation capabilities and achieve its broader defence objectives.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><u>Conclusion<\/u>. China&#8217;s fighter aircraft engine development is critical to its broader military modernisation strategy. While significant progress has been made, ongoing challenges remain. The emphasis on indigenous production, technological innovation, and strategic partnerships will be essential for China to enhance its position in the global military aviation landscape. As the situation evolves, monitoring these developments will be crucial for understanding the implications for regional and global security dynamics.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Timeline of WS-15 Engine development.<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Estimates vary on when WS-15 development began.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><u>1990<\/u>: Preliminary steps initiated.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><u>2005<\/u>: The blueprint for the WS-15 began to materialise<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><u>2006<\/u>: A preliminary image of the WS-15 engine emerged five years before the J-20 prototype was unveiled.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><u>2010<\/u>: The first WS-15 prototypes entered the ground testing phase<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><u>2012<\/u>: The full-scale demonstration project was completed , and extensive trials followed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><u>2013<\/u>: The WS-15 development program started achieving significant milestones.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><u>July 2018<\/u>: The Chinese academic overseeing aviation engine R&amp;D in Beijing, Liu Daxiang, announced that WS-15 development was progressing rapidly and would be fully completed within three years.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><u>2019<\/u>: The Russian AL-31 powering the J-20 was replaced by the domestic WS-10C engine.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><u>2021:<\/u> \u00a0the WS-15 was nearing operational readiness.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">2022: One WS-15 engine was flown on the jet along with another older version of the engine for testing purposes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><u>March 2023<\/u>: The WS-15 engine achieved full operational capability. WS-15 project Chief Chang Young at the AECC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials announced at the 7th Chinese Aviation Innovation and Entrepreneurship Competition (CAIEC) that the WS-15 engine is now ready for mass production.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><u>29th June 2023<\/u>:<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong>Chengdu Aircraft Corporation (CAC) conducted the maiden flight of the new variant J-20 fighter, fitted with two WS-15 turbofan engines.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">As of late August 2024, the Chinese WS-15 engine reportedly encounters several significant hurdles impacting its deployment and operational efficiency. One major issue involves supply chain disruptions related to the advanced alloys needed for the engine\u2019s production.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eurasiantimes.com\/chinas-struggle-with-aero-engines-keep\/\">Link to the Article<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eurasiantimes.com\/chinas-struggle-with-aero-engines-keep\/\"> https:\/\/www.eurasiantimes.com\/chinas-struggle-with-aero-engines-keep\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #008000;\"><u>Your valuable comments are most welcome.<\/u><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"ays_finish_poll_2\" name=\"ays_finish_poll_2\" value=\"98ae358d6f\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wp_http_referer\" value=\"\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7913\" \/><input 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}\t\t#ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5 .ays-poll-btn{       \t\twidth: auto;\t\t\tfont-size: 17px;\t\t\tpadding: 10px 20px;\t\t\tborder-radius: 3px;\t\t\tcolor: #FBFEF9 !important;\t\t\tbackground: #0C6291 !important;\t\t}\t\t#ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5 .apm-add-answer input.ays-poll-new-answer-apply-text{            width: 100%;\t\t\tmargin-bottom: 0;\t\t\tmargin-right: 5px;\t\t\tborder-color: #0C6291; \t\t\tpadding: 7px;\t\t\tfont-size: 14px;\t\t\tcolor: black;\t\t\theight: 40px; \t\t\toutline: none;\t\t\tdisplay: inline-block;        }        #ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm i.ays_poll_far{                        font-family: 'Font Awesome 5 Free';        }        #ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .apm-choosing .ays-poll-each-answer-list{            \t\t\twidth: initial;\t\t\ttext-align: initial;\t\t\tdisplay: initial;\t\t\tpadding: 10px;        }        #ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .apm-choosing .ays-poll-each-answer-grid{            \t\t\twidth: 100%;\t\t\ttext-align: left;\t\t\tdisplay: inline-block;\t\t\tword-break: break-word;        }\t\t        #ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .apm-choosing .ays_label_poll{            \t\t\twidth: 100%;\t\t\ttext-align: center;\t\t\tdisplay: flex;\t\t\t;\t\t\talign-items: center;\t\t\tpadding: 10px;        }        #ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .apm-choosing .ays-poll-each-image{            \t\t\theight: 150px;\t\t\tborder-radius: 0px;\t\t\tobject-fit: cover;        }        #ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .apm-choosing .ays-poll-each-image-list{\t\t\twidth: 220px;        }        #ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .apm-choosing .ays-poll-each-image-grid{\t\t\twidth: 100%;        }        #ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .apm-choosing .ays-poll-answer-container-label-grid{\t\t\talign-items: center;        }        #ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .apm-choosing .ays-poll-answer-container-label-list{\t\t\tflex-direction: row;        }        #ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .ays_poll_grid_view_container{\t\t\tdisplay: flex;\t\t\tflex-wrap: wrap;\t\t\tjustify-content: space-between;\t\t\talign-items: flex-start;        }        #ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .ays-poll-answer-container-gird{\t\t\twidth: calc(50% - 5px);\t\t\tmargin-bottom: 10px;        }\t\t        #ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .ays_poll_label_without_padding{\t\t\tpadding: 10px;\t\t\talign-items: center;\t\t\tflex-direction: column;        }        #ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .apm-title-box div{\t\t\tfont-size: 20px;\t\t\tword-break: break-word;\t\t\tword-wrap: break-word;\t\t\ttext-align: center;        }        #ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .ays-poll-answer-container-list{\t\t\t\t\t\tmargin-bottom: 10px;\t\t\tdisplay: flex;\t\t\twidth: 100%;        }        #ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .ays-poll-maker-text-answer-main input,\t\t#ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .ays-poll-maker-text-answer-main textarea{\t\t\tmin-width: 150px;\t\t\tmax-width: 100%;\t\t\twidth: %;        }        #ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .ays-poll-password-box .ays-poll-password-button-box .ays-poll-password-button{\t\t\tbackground-color: #0C6291;\t\t\tcolor: #FBFEF9;\t\t\tborder-color: #0C6291;\t\t\toutline: none;\t\t\tbox-shadow: unset;\t\t\tborder: 0;\t\t\ttransition: .5s;        }        #ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .ays-poll-password-box .ays-poll-password-button-box .ays-poll-password-button:hover{\t\t\tbackground-color: #0C6291b5;        }        #ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .ays-poll-password-box .ays-poll-password-input-box .ays-poll-password-input{\t\t\tborder-color: #0C6291;        }\t\t#ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .apm-answers .apm-choosing label.ays_label_poll{            \t\t\tbox-shadow:unset;\t\t\tborder-radius: 0px;        }\t\t#ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm.text-poll .apm-answers .ays-poll-text-types-inputs{            \t\t\tfont-size: 16px;        }\t\t\t\t\t#ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5 div.apm-load-message-container{            \t\t\t\tbackground-color: #FBFEF9 !important;\t\t\t}\t        #ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.choosing-poll label {\t            background-color: #FBFEF9;\t            border: 1px solid #0C6291;\t            text-transform: inherit;\t        }        .ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.choosing-poll input[type=radio]:checked + label,\t\t.ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5:not(.ays-minimal-theme).choosing-poll input[type='checkbox']:checked + label,        .ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.choosing-poll label.ays_enable_hover:hover {        \tbackground-color: #0C6291 !important;            color: #FBFEF9;        }\t\t.ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5:not(.ays-minimal-theme).choosing-poll input[type='checkbox']{\t\t\tdisplay: none;\t\t}        .ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.choosing-poll input[type=radio]:checked + label *,        .ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.choosing-poll input[type=checkbox]:checked + label *,        .ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.choosing-poll label.ays_enable_hover:hover * {            color: #FBFEF9;        }.ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5 .apm-info-form input {            border-color: #0C6291;        }        div[class~=ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5] label.ays_label_font_size {            font-size: 16px;        }        button.ays-poll-next-btn:focus {            background: unset;            outline: none;        }        button.ays-poll-next-btn:disabled {            cursor: not-allowed;            background: dimgrey !important;            color: white !important;        }        button.ays-poll-next-btn:enabled {            cursor: pointer;        }        .ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5 .apm-info-form input {            color: #0C6291 !important;            background-color: #FBFEF9 !important;        }         .ays-poll-main #ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5 .ays-poll-img {            object-fit: cover;\t\t\theight: 100%;         }        .ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5 div.apm-loading-gif .apm-loader svg path,        .ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5 div.apm-loading-gif .apm-loader svg rect {            fill: #0C6291;        }.ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5 div.apm-loading-gif .apm-loader{\t\t\t\tdisplay: flex;\t\t\t\tjustify-content: center;\t\t\t\talign-items: center;\t\t\t\tpadding-top: 10px;\t\t\t}\t\t\t.ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5 div.apm-loading-gif{\t\t\t\twidth: 100%;    \t\t\theight: 100%;\t\t\t}\t\t\t.ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .ays_question p{\t\t\tfont-size: 16px;\t\t}\t\t\t\t@media only screen and (max-width: 768px){\t\t\t#ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm {\t\t\t\twidth: 100%;\t\t\t}\t\t\t#ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .ays-poll-btn{\t\t\t\twidth: auto;\t\t\t}\t\t\t.ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .ays_question p{\t\t\t\tfont-size: 16px;\t\t\t}\t\t\t.ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5 .apm-answers,\t\t\t.ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5 .ays_poll_grid_view_container {\t\t\t\tflex-direction: column;\t\t\t}\t\t\t#ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .ays-poll-answer-container-gird{\t\t\t\twidth: 100%;\t\t\t}\t\t\t#ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .apm-title-box div{\t\t\t\tfont-size: 20px;\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\t\t\t\tword-break: break-word;\t\t\t\tword-wrap: break-word;\t\t\t}\t\t\t.ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm label.ays_label_font_size {\t\t\t\tfont-size: 16px;\t\t\t}\t\t\t#ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm.text-poll .apm-answers .ays-poll-text-types-inputs{            \t\t\t\tfont-size: 16px;\t\t\t}\t\t\t#ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .apm-answers > .apm-choosing > .ays_label_poll > div.ays-poll-answer-image > img.ays-poll-each-image{\t\t\t\theight: 150px;\t\t\t}\t\t\t#ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .apm-answers .apm-choosing > label.ays-poll-answer-container-label-list > p.ays-poll-answers > span.ays-poll-each-answer-list {\t\t\t\tpadding: unset;\t\t\t\tword-wrap: break-word;\t\t\t}\t\t\t#ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5 .ays-poll-btn{\t\t\t\tfont-size: 17px;\t\t\t\tline-height: 1;\t\t\t\twhite-space: normal;\t\t\t\tword-break: break-word;\t\t\t}\t\t}\t\t@media screen and (max-width: 768px){\t\t\t#ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5{\t\t\t\tmax-width: 100%;\t\t\t}\t\t}\t\t#ays-poll-container-2{        \twidth: 100%;\t\t}\t\t@media screen and (max-width: 768px){\t\t\t#ays-poll-container-2{\t\t\t\twidth: 100%;\t\t\t\tmax-width: 96%;\t\t\t}\t\t\t#ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5.box-apm .apm-choosing .ays-poll-each-image-list{\t\t\t\twidth: 100%;        \t}\t\t}\t\t\t           <\/style>        <script>            var dataCss = {\t\t\t\twidth: '100%',                maxWidth: '98%',                fontSize: '16px',                padding: '10px',                margin: '0 auto',                marginTop: '-1rem',                borderStyle: 'ridge',                borderWidth: '2px',                borderColor: '#0C6291',                background: '#FBFEF9',                color: '#0C6291',                transition: '.3s ease',                WebkitAppearance: 'none',                appearance: 'none',                };            var hoverCss = {                background: '#0C6291',                color: '#FBFEF9',                borderColor: '#FBFEF9',            };        <\/script><div style='margin-bottom: 1rem;' class='ays-poll-main ' id='ays-poll-container-2' data-load-method=''>        <form style='margin-bottom: 0;' >                        <div                dir='ltr'        data-loading='load_gif'        data-load-gif='plg_default'        data-load-gif-font-size='64'                data-hide-bg-image='false'        data-gradient-check=''        data-gradient-dir='to bottom'        data-gradient-c1='#103251'        data-gradient-c2='#607593'        data-hide-bg-image-def-color='#FBFEF9'        data-show-social=''        class='box-apm  voting-poll ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5 '        id='ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5'        data-res='0'        data-res-sort='none'        data-restart ='false'        data-redirection = '0'        data-redirect-check = '0'        data-url-href = ''        data-href = ''        data-delay = '0'        data-id='2'        data-res-rgba = ''        data-percent-color = '#0C6291'        data-enable-top-animation = ''        data-top-animation-scroll = '100'        data-info-form=''        data-enable-social-links=''        ><span class='ays_poll_passed_count'><i class='ays_poll_fa ays_poll_fa-users' aria-hidden='true'><\/i> 1878<\/span><div class='ays_poll_cb_and_a'><\/div><div class='apm-title-box'><div>Default rating<\/div><\/div><div class='ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5 ays_question'><p>Please give a thumbs up if you\u00a0 like The Post?<\/p><\/div><div class='ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5 hideResults ays-poll-hide-result-box'> <\/div><div class='apm-answers  '><div class='apm-voting answer-ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5'><input type='radio' name='answer' id='radio-0-ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5' value='20'>                                                    <label for='radio-0-ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5' class=''><i class='ays_poll_far ays_poll_fa-thumbs-up'><\/i><\/label><\/div><div class='apm-voting answer-ays-poll-id-69eaa4e7c13c5'><input type='radio' name='answer' 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14pt;\"><u>References<\/u>:-<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Adnan Moussa, \u201cChina\u2019s WS-15. Does it challenge US dominance over fighter jet engine tech?\u201d aljundi.ae, 01 Dec 23.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"2\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Reuben Johnson, \u201cChina\u2019s J-20 fighter seems to have a new homegrown engine, after years of struggle\u201d, Air Warfare Global, 18 July 2023.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"3\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Boyko Nikolov, \u201cF-22 rival Chinese J-20 may have overcome engine setbacks\u201d, Bulgarianmilitary.com, 10 Sep 2024.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"4\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Alexander Holderness, Nicholas Velazquez, Jasmine Phillips, Gregory Sanders, and Cynthia Cook, \u201cPowering Proliferation: The Global Engine Market and China\u2019s Indigenisation\u201d Brief CSIS, 21 Mar 2023.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><u>Disclaimer<\/u>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Information and data included in the blog are for educational &amp; non-commercial purposes only and have been carefully adapted, excerpted, or edited from reliable and accurate sources. All copyrighted material belongs to respective owners and is provided only for wider dissemination.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; My Article published on The EurasionTimes Website on 22 Oct 24. &nbsp; China&#8217;s defence policies underscore its commitment to self-reliance and the relentless pursuit of advanced technology development, aiming to reduce dependence on foreign sources. The country&#8217;s defence industry, a critical component of its national strategy, stands as one of the largest and &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/2024\/10\/22\/523-china-challenges-in-developing-next-generation-fighter-engines\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;523: CHINA: CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING NEXT-GENERATION FIGHTER ENGINES&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[77,5,19,25,138,28,122],"tags":[109,6,24,615,614,612,79,613],"class_list":["post-7913","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-aircraft","category-airpower","category-article","category-china","category-indigenisation","category-technology","category-warfare","tag-aircraft","tag-airpower","tag-china","tag-china-aerospace-industry","tag-china-defece-inductry","tag-fighter-aircraft-engine","tag-military-capability","tag-turbo-fan"],"post_mailing_queue_ids":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7913","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7913"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7913\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7929,"href":"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7913\/revisions\/7929"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7913"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7913"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/55nda.com\/blogs\/anil-khosla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7913"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}