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Pic courtesy: Hindustan times<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n The Indo-Pakistani war of 1965 (also called the Second Kashmir War) was the second major war fought between the two countries after the partition in 1947.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n The genesis of the Indo-Pak wars lies in factors like the British colonial misrule, religious differences, and cold war geopolitics. The fate of India, and that of Kashmir, had been sealed in 1919, when Britain\u2019s India Office, prepared a plan to partition the Indian subcontinent based on religion. After independence and partition, the region became part of the larger cold war struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n The 1965 war was a culmination of skirmishes that took place in the preceding months. The seventeen-day war (06 Sep \u2013 22 Sep 65) caused thousands of casualties on both sides.\u00a0 India had the upper hand over Pakistan when the ceasefire was declared and the conflict was seen as a strategic and political defeat for Pakistan.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Prevailing Circumstances<\/u>.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Testing Waters<\/u>. The skirmishes started in April 1965, with a Pakistani attack on Indian forces in the Rann of Kutch. India responded and repulsed the attack and also mobilised its troops in the Punjab and Kargil sectors, but stood down the troops by the end of July, in response to the UN intervention. Pakistan did not back off.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Operation Gibraltar<\/u>. Pakistan launched Operation Gibraltar in August, by sending covertly about 12,000 trained mujahids to Kashmir. Pakistan expected India to collapse, however, India repulsed the attack and even cut off the entry and exit points into the Kashmir Valley by capturing the Haji Pir Bulge. Operation Gibraltar fizzled out.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Operation Grand Slam<\/u>. Pakistan then launched Operation Grand Slam in September 1965 in Chhamb and Jaurian sectors. \u00a0The Indian counter-attack resulted in engagement spreading to various sectors along the border, turning the armed skirmishes into full-scale war.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Ceasefire and agreement<\/u>. The war continued till the United Nations negotiated a ceasefire on 22 September. The formal peace agreement was signed at Tashkent four months later on 10 January 1966. Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and President Ayub Khan, agreed to observe the ceasefire lines and withdraw their respective armed personnel to positions that they had held before 5 August 1965. Both sides claimed victory in this war.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Casualties<\/u>. Official Indian figures put the total number of casualties at 12,714, out of which 2,763 were killed, 8,444 wounded, and 1,507 went missing. Pakistani deaths were over 5,000 according to neutral observers. Even after the cease-fire, it is estimated that about 2,000 causalities occurred due to local border skirmishes.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Victory.<\/u> The success or failure of war depends upon the success or failure to achieve the political aim\/objective. Pakistan failed to achieve its primary objective of annexing Kashmir. In the military domain, Pakistan suffered heavily in men and materials, in spite of her superiority in arms and equipment. Considering Pakistan Army\u2019s numerical advantage in armour, artillery and other weapons, the inference drawn was that India won the war. <\/span>A number of journalists and researchers have stated that India won the war, but there are some who feel that the war was militarily inconclusive or ended in a draw.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Leadership Aspects<\/u><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Bottom Line<\/u><\/span><\/p>\n Technology is important for War.<\/span><\/p>\n But more important are LEADERSHIP, MORALE, TRAINING and TACTICS.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Question<\/u><\/span><\/p>\n Will Aniveers under Agnipath be able to deliver?<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Suggestions and value additions are most welcome<\/u><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n For regular updates, please register here<\/span><\/p>\n\n
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